1. RECOGNITION, EVALUATION, AND CONTROL OF SURFACE CONTAMINATION AND DERMAL HAZARDS

2. Defining and Identifying Surface and Dermal Hazards
STEP 1 RECOGNITION
Defining and Identifying
Surface and Dermal Hazards

3. DEFINING SURFACE AND DERMAL HAZARDS
Chemicals that can cause dermatitis or skin damage
Chemicals that can enter the body through intact skin and cause toxic effects in various organ systems

4. DEFINING SURFACE AND DERMAL HAZARDS
PROPERTIES:
Can penetrate or injure the skin
Toxic if ingested
Inhalation hazard if resuspended
Low vapor pressure
Can remain on surfaces for prolonged periods
EXAMPLES:
Amines
Isocyanates
Metal dusts
PCBs and dioxins
Pesticides
VOCs
Acids/bases
Beryllium

5. IDENTIFYING SURFACE AND DERMAL HAZARDS
OSHA Permissible Exposure Limits
(PELs) and ACGIH Threshold Limit
Values (TLVs®) indicate these hazards
with:
SKIN Notation
SENSITIZER Notation

6. THE SKIN NOTATION
Does NOT denote the capability for the chemical to cause irritation, dermatitis, and sensitization
Refers to the potential contribution to the overall exposure by the cutaneous route including absorption through skin, mucous membranes, and eyes

7. THE SKIN NOTATION + “Is intended to alert the reader that air
sampling alone is insufficient to accurately
quantitate exposure and that measures to
prevent significant cutaneous absorption
may be required.” +

8. THE ACGIH SENSITIZER NOTATION (SEN)
Is designed to protect workers from becoming sensitized through respiratory, dermal, and conjunctival exposures

9. SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS
Are necessary for those chemicals that have BOTH a low exposure limit and a skin or sensitizer notation
Include process controls, measurement of airborne chemicals, worker training, and a complete dermal exposure reduction program

10. A DERMAL EXPOSURE REDUCTION PROGRAM
DETECTION of skin and surface contaminants
PROTECTION through the proper selection and changing frequency of personal protective equipment
DECONTAMINATION of skin, work surfaces, tools, and equipment
DETERMINATION of program effectiveness through biological monitoring

11. WHY, WHERE, AND HOW TO SAMPLE SURFACE AND DERMAL HAZARDS
STEP 2 EVALUATION
WHY, WHERE, AND HOW TO SAMPLE
SURFACE AND DERMAL HAZARDS

12. WHY SAMPLE SURFACE AND DERMAL HAZARDS
To ensure a comprehensive exposure assessment
Dermal sampling, air sampling, and biological monitoring are all components of a comprehensive exposure assessment strategy.

13. WHY SAMPLE SURFACE AND DERMAL HAZARDS
To select proper personal protective equipment (PPE), particularly hand protection
Surface contamination inside a glove indicates glove failure or improper work practices.
Sampling can determine if and why PPE failure occurred and can be used to retrain workers so as to enhance PPE effectiveness.

14. WHY SAMPLE SURFACE AND DERMAL HAZARDS
To comply with OSHA PPE standard
(b) requires employers to select hand protection on an evaluation of the performance characteristics of the hand protection relative to the task(s) to be performed, conditions present, duration of use, and the hazards and potential hazards identified.

15. WHY SAMPLE SURFACE AND DERMAL HAZARDS
To eliminate take home toxins
Employees’ shoes, glasses, tools, and lunch boxes contaminated with hazardous chemicals may be an exposure source for family members.

16. WHY SAMPLE SURFACE AND DERMAL HAZARDS
To prevent the
inadvertent mixing
of incompatible
chemicals

17. WHY SAMPLE SURFACE AND DERMAL HAZARDS
To evaluate the effectiveness of decontamination procedures
Sampling can be done initially to determine a “normal” concentration of surface contaminant following a prescribed cleaning regimen.
Future samples can be used to document that the ongoing cleaning procedures result in an acceptable surface contaminant level.

18. WHY SAMPLE SURFACE AND DERMAL HAZARDS
To evaluate non-controlled work areas
Provides documentation that contamination of non-controlled work areas has not occurred from adjacent work areas and activities.

19. WHERE TO SAMPLE SURFACE AND DERMAL HAZARDS
CONDUCTING THE INVESTIGATION

20. CONDUCTING AN INVESTIGATION FOR SURFACE AND DERMAL HAZARDS
Review the published literature to evaluate
the potential for skin absorption for the
contaminant under study.
Rate specific jobs in regard to the amount
and the frequency of exposure.
Conduct a walk-through survey of the work
area making an assessment of personal and
work-area hygiene.

21. CONDUCTING AN INVESTIGATION FOR SURFACE AND DERMAL HAZARDS
Collect a bulk sample of suspect materials
and have them analyzed to confirm contents.
Note parts of the skin regularly exposed to
contaminants due to machine design or
employee work practices.
Note possible contamination of surfaces
frequently touched by workers in production
areas such as lids, equipment, tools, and
switches.

22. CONDUCTING AN INVESTIGATION FOR SURFACE AND DERMAL HAZARDS
Check for cross contamination on cafeteria
lunch tables, desktops, doorknobs, and
changing rooms.
Investigate the potential for exposure from
handling contaminated equipment or clothing.
Check for contamination on door handles,
seats, and flooring of vehicles driven on the job
and on the inside of respirators, hard hats, and
reusable gloves.

23. SURFACE AND DERMAL HAZARDS
HOW TO SAMPLE
SURFACE AND DERMAL HAZARDS

24. WIPE SAMPLING FOR CHEMICALS ON SURFACES
A routine method involving the use of a filter media used dry or wetted with a liquid or solvent specified in the procedure

25. WIPE SAMPLING MEDIA Gauze pads - PCBs, pesticides
Filters - Hexavalent chromium
Cotton gloves - Pesticides
Cotton balls - 2,4 D
Ghost Wipes - Lead
Cotton swabs - DNT, TNT
Adhesive labels and cellophane tape - Dust and mold spores

26. GHOST WIPES SKC Cat. No
Ease sample preparation and analysis of surface lead
Hold together in the field even when wiping rough surfaces
Readily and completely dissolve during digestion for complete dispersion of analytes and uniform recoveries
Specified in OSHA Wipe Method ID-125G for metals

27. WIPE SAMPLE COLLECTION PROTOCOLS
FOR OSHA
Wipe a test area of 100 cm2
Dry wipes or filter paper wetted with distilled water should be used for liquid residues or for sampling on skin, PPE, and surfaces that contact food.
FOR HUD
Wipe a test area of 1 ft2
Templates of various shapes are helpful to sample the required area on a variety of surfaces such as floors and window sills. SKC offers plastic HUD templates as SKC Cat. No

28. SURFACE SAMPLING OF VOLATILE CONTAMINANTS
Wipe sampling is not effective for many volatile contaminants.
For these compounds, surface contamination can be determined using a general survey monitor such as a photoionization detector (PID).
SKC 730 Series

29. VACUUM SAMPLING FOR PESTICIDES AND METALS
A 3-piece cassette loaded with an appropriate filter and a short length of tubing on the inlet acting as a nozzle is attached to a personal pump at
flows of 2+ L/min.

30. VACUUM SAMPLING FOR ASBESTOS
ASTM D5755 and D5756 specify a carbon-filled black polypropylene cassette with cowl loaded with an MCE or polycarbonate filter and a short length of tubing on the inlet.
The tubing on the inlet serves as a nozzle to vacuum contaminants from a 100 cm2 area at 1 to 5 L/min followed by transmission electron microscopy.
SKC Cat. No

31. COLORIMETRIC SWABS FOR LEAD
Lead poisoning continues to be a public health problem, particularly among children.
Rapid, inexpensive surface sampling kits have been developed that allow non-professionals to answer the basic question, “Is lead present?”

32. LEADCHECK® SWABS U.S. EPA TESTING
Recognized by U.S. EPA to reliably determine the absence of lead paint
Detects lead on 96.6% of surfaces tests
Suitable for surfaces, but activated swabs are not suitable for use on skin
SKC Cat. No

33. LEADCHECK SWABS NIOSH METHOD 7700
Lead in Air by Chemical Spot Test
Specifies 0.8-µm MCE filters at 2 L/min for sample collection
LeadCheck swabs are used to check for the presence of lead on the filter sample.
Laboratory analysis can be done to quantitate levels if colorimetric test is positive.

34. LEAD DETECTION ON SKIN OR SURFACES
Developed by U.S. NIOSH; NIOSH Method 9105
Licensed by SKC
Scientific breakthrough - Colorimetric wipe for lead on skin or surfaces
Behavior modification tool - Allows workers to determine if their hand washing has been thorough enough
Limit of ID is 18 µg of lead

35. FULL DISCLOSURE® LEAD WIPES
Step Step Step 3
SKC Cat. Nos /2

36. COLORIMETRIC SWYPE® SAMPLING
Designed to detect contamination of work surfaces or skin
Formulated to be specific to a particular compound group
Sensitive to levels equal to or below PELs for comparable airborne exposures

37. COLORIMETRIC SWYPE SAMPLING
CHEMICAL SPECIFIC
TEST KITS
Aromatic amines
Aliphatic amines
Aromatic isocyanates
Aliphatic isocyanates
Hydrazine
Acids/bases
SKC 769-Series

38. COLORIMETRIC SWYPE SAMPLING
For surface sampling, spray the proprietary Developer Solution lightly on the test surface and then wipe with the SWYPE indicator pad. Wait 2 to 3 minutes for color to develop.
For skin sampling, first wipe the skin and then immerse the SWYPE indicator pad in the Developer Solution. Wait 2 to 3 minutes for color to develop.

39. SURFACE SAMPLING FOR BIOLOGICAL CONTAMINANTS
A swab or filter wetted with sterile water or wash solution is used to wipe a specified area.
Typically, the swab is then used to inoculate a culture plate.
SKC Cat. No

40. SURFACE SAMPLING FOR BIOLOGICAL CONTAMINANTS
SKC Stick-to-it Lift Tape consists of a flexible plastic microscope slide with an adhesive area
Press onto the surface and insert into the plastic mailers for shipment to the lab.
SKC Cat. No

41. PPE AND DERMAL EXPOSURES
Wearing the WRONG glove is worse than wearing no glove at all!
If the chemical can permeate the glove material, the presence of the glove along with sweating will enhance chemical absorption 5 to 10 times!

42. PERMEA-TEC® PADS A SCREENING TOOL FOR PPE
NEW GLOVE EVALUATION
Double-glove workers and place PERMEA-TEC
pad between the two gloves. After 1 hour,
remove the outside glove and inspect the
PERMEA-TEC for color change.
Continue checking at
regular intervals.

43. PERMEA-TEC PADS A SCREENING TOOL FOR PPE
ROUTINE GLOVE EVALUATION
After a “safe use” time for a glove has been
determined, design a change-out schedule for
gloves and use PERMEA-TEC to assure and
document protection from
chemical exposure.

44. PERMEA-TEC PADS DIRECTIONS FOR USE
For glove evaluation, place the pads on the thumb, middle finger, and palm with the pad side facing out.
Don PPE normally worn.
After specified time, remove PPE.
Examine PERMEA-TEC for color change.
SKC 769 Series

45. PERMEA-TEC PADS FOR SOLVENTS
Contain a color indicator and an activated charcoal pad
The color indicator strip turns from white to gray with exposure to common POLAR organic solvents
The charcoal pad can be analyzed by gas chromatography like a charcoal tube.

46. OF SURFACE AND DERMAL HAZARDS
STEP 3 CONTROL
OF SURFACE AND DERMAL HAZARDS

47. DECONTAMINATION ISSUES
THE BEST CLEANSERS:
Will not disrupt or abrade the natural barrier properties of the skin
Will not enhance penetration of contaminants into the skin
Will remove water insoluble contaminants such as pesticides
Are chemical specific

48. SKIN CLEANSERS D-TAM™ SKIN CLEANSERS FROM SKC
Do not contain lanolin or harsh surfactants
Will remove water-insoluble contaminants
Chemical specific
See SKC Surface/Dermal Response kits with chemical specific SWYPES, PERMEA-TEC pads, decontamination solutions, and D-TAM skin cleansers. (SKC 769 Series)

49. METHAMPHETAMINE: A NEW SURFACE CONTAMINANT

50. METHAMPHETAMINE: DEFINING THE PROBLEM
Methamphetamine or "meth" is a potent central nervous system stimulant that is highly addictive, cheap, and easy to produce.
Meth is derived from commonly available decongestants and diet aids containing ephedrine or pseudoephedrine and cooked in clandestine (illegal) “labs.”

51. TYPICAL METH LAB

52. TYPICAL METH LAB

54. RESPONDING TO METH Health and safety professionals have a
role to play in the
response and cleanup
of clandestine
meth laboratories.

55. ROLE OF HEALTH AND SAFETY PROS IN METH LABS
To protect first-responders and other personnel from the hazards
To develop health and safety plans for decontamination of buildings/environment
To confirm that appropriate “safe” levels have been met prior to re-occupancy

56. OCCUPATIONAL HAZARDS OF METH
WHO?
Law enforcement
Fire, hazmat, or ambulance crews
Social services
Utilities services
Landlords
Custodial or housekeeping staff
WHERE?
Homes
Cars
Hotel rooms
Storage units
Dumpsters
Tents/campsites

57. SAMPLE COLLECTION
NIOSH reports that air sampling for individual contaminants is only effective during active “cooking” of meth.
The particulate aerosol formed during meth production, however, deposits onto available surfaces.
A better method for sampling meth after a cook is using surface wipe sampling.

58. NIOSH SURFACE WIPE METHODS FOR METH
To evaluate meth surface residue, NIOSH has
developed two field detection kits and
transferred this technology to SKC for
commercial production.

59. SKC METH RESIDUE KITS
Detects the presence of meth residue with a limit of identification of 15 micrograms/100 cm2
Color results develop rapidly for on-the-spot qualitative assessments.
Designed to check meth remediation/cleanup
Can assess meth residue on surfaces with limits of identification relevant to state cleanup guidelines
Measures as low as 50 nanograms

60. SKC Cat. No. 560-001 Kit Includes:
- Gauze wipes
- Disposable gloves
- 10 x 10-cm templates
- Wetting agent spray
- Developer sprays
- Color Guide Instructions and accessories
Must be kept cool during storage/transport

62. Allows assessment of meth residues on surfaces with limits of identification relevant to state cleanup guidelines:
MethChek detects 1500 nanograms/100 cm2
MethChek detects 500 nanograms/100 cm2
MethChek detects 100 nanograms/100 cm2
MethChek 50 - detects 50 nanograms/100 cm2

63. Each kit contains solutions and multiple individually packaged test
packets that include:
Gauze wipes/cotton swabs
Disposable gloves
Disposable 10 x 10-cm templates
Syringes
Pipettes
Extractor solution in vials
Sample storage mini bags
Detection cartridges
Color Quick Guide instructions
Wetting Agent spray
Complete Operating Instructions
and accessories
SKC Cat. Nos to -005B

65. THANK YOU FOR YOUR INTEREST IN SKC SAMPLING TECHNOLOGIES!

66. SURFACE CONTAMINATION AND DERMAL HAZARDS
CDC-NIOSH has released a technical
resource titled Effects of Skin Contact
with Chemicals: What a Worker Should
Know. Link to
199/pdfs/ pdf.