1. Matter States of Matter Physical and Chemical Changes
Physical and Chemical Properties
Separation Techniques 1 1

2. Classification of Matter
Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space.
We can classify matter based on whether it’s solid, liquid, or gas. 2 2

3. Classifying Matter by Physical State
Matter can be classified as solid, liquid, or gas based on the characteristics it exhibits.
fixed = keeps shape when placed in a container
indefinite = takes the shape of the container 3 3

4. Solids
Particles are packed close together and are fixed in position (some vibration).
The close packing results in solids being incompressible.
The inability of the particles to move around results in a fixed shape and volume and prevents the solid from flowing. 4 4

5. Crystalline Solids
solids have particles arranged in an orderly geometric pattern
salt
diamonds
sugar 5 5

6. Amorphous Solids
Solids where the particles are randomly distributed without any clear pattern
plastic
glass
charcoal 6 6

7. Liquids
The particles are closely packed, but they have some ability to move around.
The close packing results in liquids being incompressible.
Movement of the particles allows liquids to take the shape of their container and to flow 7 7

8. Gases The particles have complete freedom from each other.
The particles are constantly flying around, bumping into each other and the container.
There is a lot of empty space between the particles. 8 8

9. Gases Due to empty space between particles, gases are compressible.
Gases can also expand to fill and take the shape of their container, and will flow. 9 9

10. Learning Check
State whether the following describes a solid, liquid or gas –
Particles have a lot of space in between them
Particles can be moved far apart or closer together
Particles have the least motion
The substance will fit into a square shaped and round shaped container, but cannot be compressed
Particles can either be arranged orderly or randomly

11. Classifying Matter by Composition
Another way to classify matter is to examine its composition.
composition includes:
types of particles
arrangement of the particles
attractions and attachments between the particles 11

12. 12

13. Classification of Matter by Composition
Matter whose composition does not change from one sample to another is called a pure substance.
made of a single type of atom or molecule
all samples have the same characteristics.
Matter whose composition may vary from one sample to another is called a mixture.
two or more types of atoms or molecules combined in variable proportions
different samples have different characteristics. 13 13

14. Classification of Matter by Composition
made of one type of particle
All samples show the same properties.
made of multiple types of particles
Samples may show different properties. 14 14

15. Classification of Pure SubstancesElements
Pure substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical reactions are called elements.
basic building blocks of matter
composed of single type of atom
all known elements are listed on the Periodic Table
can be abbreviated with their symbol
examples – Hydrogen, Carbon, Oxygen 15 15

16. Classification of Pure SubstancesCompounds
Substances that can be broken down are called compounds.
chemical combinations of elements
contain two or more different kinds of atoms
all samples of a compound behave the same way.
Most natural pure substances are compounds.
Examples – Water (H2O), Sodium Chloride (NaCl), Ammonia (NH3) 16 16

17. Classification of Pure Substances
made of one type of atom
abbreviated by a chemical symbol
3) listed on the Periodic Table
units contain two or more different kinds of atoms
2) abbreviated by a compound formula
3) made of one type of molecule, or array of ions 17 17

18. Classification of Mixtures
homogeneous = mixture that has uniform composition throughout
atoms or molecules mixed uniformly
Examples – salt water, alloys, air
heterogeneous = mixture that does not have uniform composition throughout
atoms or molecules not mixed uniformly
Examples – oil/vinegar, muddy water, granite 18 18

19. Classification of Mixtures
made of multiple substances, whose presence can be seen
Portions of a sample have different composition and properties.
made of multiple substances, but appears to be one substance
Portions of a sample have the same composition and properties. 19 19

20. Learning Check
Identify each of the following as an element, compound, homogeneous or heterogeneous mixture -
Gasoline
A stream with gravel at the bottom
Air
Brass
Copper
Maple syrup
Oxygen and helium in a scuba tank
Oil and vinegar salad dressing
Table salt

21. Changes in Matter
Changes that alter the state or appearance of the matter without changing its identity are called physical changes.
Changes that alter the identity of the matter are called chemical changes. 21 21

22. Physical Changes in Matter
The boiling of water is a physical change.
The water molecules are separated from each other, but their structure and composition do not change. 22 22

23. Common Physical Changes
Irreversible
breaking, cutting, grinding
Reversible
state changes
boiling/condensing
melting/freezing
Subliming
dissolving
CO2(s)
CO2(g)
Dry Ice
Subliming of Dry Ice
Dissolving of Sugar
C12H22O11(s)
C12H22O11(aq) 23 23

24. Chemical Changes in Matter
Rusting of iron is a Chemical Change
Iron and Oxygen (O2) form rust (Iron Oxide) 24 24

25. Common Chemical Changes
Signs of a Chemical Change
Color change
Gas Production
Heat Transfer
Formation of a precipitate
C3H8(g) + 5 O2(g) → 3 CO2(g) + 4 H2O(l) 25 25

26. Learning Check
Identify each of the following as a physical or chemical change -
Iron metal is melted
Iron combines with oxygen to form rust
Wood burns in air
A rock is broken into small pieces
Milk turns sour
Wax is melted over a flame and then catches fire and burns

27. Properties of Matter
Physical properties are the characteristics of matter that can be observed without changing its identity.
Color, density, melting/boiling points
Chemical properties are the characteristics that determine how the composition of matter changes as a result of contact with other matter or the influence of energy.
Will it rust?, burn?, tarnish? 27 27

28. Learning Check
Identify each of the following as a physical or chemical property -
The boiling point of a certain alcohol is 78oC
Diamond is very hard
Sugar ferments to form alcohol
A meta wire conducts electrical current
Gallium metal melts in your hand
Platinum does not react with oxygen at room temperature
The slide background is white
The copper on the Statue of Liberty has acquired a green coating

29. Separation Techniques
When two or more materials or substances are mixed together but do not chemically combine.
This means they retain their original properties.
This means they can be separated by physical means.

30. What are the different ways of separating mixtures?
Magnetism
Hand separation
Filtration
Sifting or sieving
Extraction and evaporation
Chromatography

31. Magnetism
If one component of the mixture has magnetic properties, you could use a magnet to separate the mixture. Iron, nickel, and cobalt are all materials that are magnetic.
Not all metals are magnetic: gold, silver, and aluminum are examples of metals that are not magnetic.

32. Hand separation Separating the parts of a mixture by hand.
Only useful when the particles are large enough to be seen clearly.
Useful for: separating parts of a salad.

33. Filtration
Used when separating a solid substance from a fluid (a liquid or a gas) by passing a mixture through a porous material such as a type of filter.
Works by letting the fluid pass through but not the solid.
Examples of filters: coffee filter, cloth, oil filter, even sand!

34. Sifting or sieving
Used to separate a dry mixture which contains substances of different sizes by passing it through a sieve, a device containing tiny holes.

35. Extraction
Used to separate an insoluble solid (something that doesn’t dissolve in a liquid) from a soluble solid (something that DOES dissolve in a liquid). Done by adding a solvent (liquid that does the dissolving) to the mixture. Then pouring the liquid through a filter.

36. Distillation/Evaporation
Allowing the liquid to evaporate, leaving the soluble solid behind.
Example: heating sugar water. The water evaporates and the sugar crystals are left behind.

37. Chromatography
Used to separate dissolved substances in a solution from each other.
Mixture
Components
Separation
Stationary Phase
Mobile Phase

38. Learning Check
Identify the best separation technique to be used in each situation -
Paperclips and confetti
Pebbles and sand
Components of a watercolor marker
Cooked pasta and water
Dissolved salt and water
Components of a sandwich