2. Regents Review

3. Observation and inference
Something you directly see, taste, hear, smell, touch
“The rock is black and shiny”
Inference
A conclusion you make based on your observations
“The rock is igneous”
THE TRICKY PART
If you measure something, it’s an observation
“The pencil is 6 inches” “The rock is 6g”

4. Scientific notation Convert the following to scientific notation
14,000 = =
Convert the following back to normal notation
2.3 x 104 =
3.6 x =
1.4 x 104
1.2 x 10-3
23,000
0.0036

5. Density Units g/cm3 M=D/V
Density does not change if you break something into smaller pieces, or change the shape (SAME STUFF=SAME DENSITY)
Density DOES change if you heat it and it expands
(expands=stuff is more spread out=less dense

6. Relationships
As size increases, density__________ (meaning, if you have different sized pieces of the same stuff)
As an object expands due to heating, density ______

7. Volume
Either L x W x H or:

8. examples 1. D= 3. D=4 5. D= 10 M= 7 M= 12 M= 40 V= 14 V= V=
.5 g/cm3
1. D= D= D= 10
M= M= 12 M= 40
V= V= V=
2. D= D= D=5
M= M= M=
V= V= V=5
3 cm3
4 cm3
4 g/cm3
16 g
25 g

9. 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Determining Density From a Graph Clay Water
mass
Water
volume

10. Earth’s shape and latitude

11. Important lines of latitude
North pole: 900 N
South pole 900 s
Tropic of cancer 23 ½0 N
Tropic of Capricorn 23 ½0 S
Arctic Circle 66 ½0 N
Antarctic Circle 66 ½0 S
New York State:420

15. Polaris
In the northern hemisphere, your latitude equals the altitude of polaris.
This shows the earth has a
curved surface.

16. The Earth is an Oblate Spheroid
Slightly flattened at the equator, bulging at the poles
You weigh less at the equator
The equatorial diameter is bigger
Than the polar diameter
BUT it still looks round, like it always did

17. Rotation
Coriolis
Star trails
Foucault pendulum

18. Sun’s Path
The sun still rises in the East and sets in the West, like it always did
You look south to see the sun in Northern
Hemisphere
Opposite in
southern hemisphere

19. Celestial sphere

20. Where the sun rises and sets
DATE (APPROXIMATE)
LATITUDE OF SUN'S DIRECT RAYS
DIRECTION OF SUNRISE AND SUNSET
ALTITUDE OF NOON SUN
LENGTH OF DAYLIGHT
Sept. 23 (Autumnal Equinox)
Equator (0°)
Rises due East Sets due West
48°
12 hours
December 21 (Winter Solstice)
Tropic of Capricorn (23.5°S)
Rises in South East Sets in South West
24.5° (lowest)
8 hours  (shortest day)
March 21  (Vernal Equinox)
Rises due East  Sets due West
June 21  (Summer Solstice)
Tropic of Cancer (23.5°N) 
Rises in North East  Sets in North West
71.5° (highest)
16 hours ( longest day)

21. Time of day

22. Shadows Point north Get shorter when the sun is higher
Longer when sun is lower

23. Seasons Due to the tilt of the earth
More direct rays in summer. Direct= hotter
We are closer to the sun in the winter

25. What Season?

26. Relationships As intensity of insolation inc, temp___
As angle of insolation inc, temp_____
As angle inc, shadow length______
As latitude increases, intensity/angle of insolation____
As the sun goes from A to B to C, what happens to
Intensity of insolation?

27. Astronomy

28. Elliptical orbits
All planets revolve around the Sun in an elliptical orbit.
Eccentricity is a number that represents how round an orbit is
Eccentricity of a circle is zero
The highest number is 1 (very oval or very eccentric)
An ellipse is an oval
e=0
e= .5
e= .8

29. e=D/L (“dots over line”)
D=distance between the foci
L= length of the major axis
In a planetary orbit, one the focal points is always a star. The sun is one of our foci. d L
foci
Major axis

30. As a the earth gets closer to the sun, orbital velocity____
As an object gets closer, its apparent diameter _____
As the sun gets older, the amount of hydrogen in its core_____and helium______

31. Orbital velocity

33. The Moon
Phases are caused by revolution of the moon around the earth and our changing view of the “lit up” part
Wax on, wan off
The moon’s period of rotation and revolution are the same-27 days but It takes 29 ½ days for the moon to go through all it’s phases
We always see the same side of the moon because it rotates and revolves at the same rate
50% of the moon is always lit up by the sun
The moon does not create it’s own light- it is reflected from the sun

34. Moon Phases Due to revolution Be able to interpret diagram
Waxing (going into a full moon)
Waning (going into a new moon)
Why do we see phases?
What positions (crescent and gibbous)
When would we see an eclipse?

35. The Sun Fueled by fusion of hydrogen to helium So as it gets older…?
The sun is a medium sized star

36. Life cycle of stars
The size of stars matter- big stars explode, smaller stars turn into a red giant then cool into a white dwarf.

37. You Are here
Or here…

38. H-R Diagram

40. Doppler effect Things moving toward you-shortens wavelength-blue shift
Things moving away from you –lengthens wavelength-red shift
Universe is expanding-
Everything is moving away
Red-receding
Blue- to you

42. Weather Hot air rises: creates low pressure
after it rises, it expands, cools, sinks
Cold air sinks: creates high pressure
After it sinks, it contracts and warms

43. Air masses Take on characteristics of where they form
Over land- dry-continental
Over ocean- humid-maritime
Where it’s cold-polar
Where it’s warm-tropical
cT, mT, cP, mP

44. Wind
Wind blows from high to low (pressure)

45. Sea Breeze (Winds are named by where they come FROM)
During day, land heats up faster. (lower specific heat)
Hot air rises over land.
(low pressure!)
Cooler air from ocean comes in to replace it.
DAY=wind from ocean=seabreeze

46. Land Breeze NIGHT=wind from land=land breeze
Water holds heat longer. (high specific heat)
At night, the air over the water is warmer, so is less dense.
As this air rises, air from the land comes in to replace it.
NIGHT=wind from land=land breeze

47. Planetary wind belts
Weather moves from
West to East at our latitude

48. Pressure As temp inc, pressure dec
As moisture increases, pressure decreases

49. Highs and lows
Cooler and drier air generally exerts higher pressure. Warm, moist air generally exerts lower pressure.
  High- blows clockwise and outward
Low- blows counterclockwise and inward

50. High=nice Low= not so nice
Warm air holds more moisture
Sinking air warms, so clouds evaporate
Rising air cools, so clouds form

51. Dewpoint: temp at which water condenses
If dewpoint= air temp?
IT WILL PRECIPITATE
If dewpoint gets closer to air temp?
MORE HUMID

52. Finding dewpoint and RH with a psychrometer.
Water will evaporate faster when it is dry out. This will affect the difference in temperature between wet and dry bulb
Look up dry bulb temp CELSIUS on left hand side of the chart
Look up DIFFERENCE between wet and dry bulb on the top. Record the number

55. REFERENCE TABLES Convert the following: 1012.0mb= ________in
29.70 in = ________mb
1024mb= ________in
30.30 in= ________mb

57. Fronts Precipitation happens at the front, where 2 air masses meet
In front of a warm front, at a cold front

58. Types of fronts
Cold( front of the cold air) Warm(Front of the warm air)
Occluded- cold front catches up to a warm front

59. Station model If dewpoint and air temp are close-precip. Likely
Pressure: less than 500, put a 9
More than 500, put a 10

63. Relationships As altitude inc, temp_____ As latitude inc, temp_____
As air expands, temp____pressure_____
As air temp approaches dewpoint, likelihood of precipitation_________
As the temperature of an air mass inc, its ability to hold moisture ___________so its relative humidity____
As the amount of water vapor inc, pressure________

64. Climate
Affected by:
Latitude: as latitude inc, yearly temp______________
Altitude: As altitude inc, temp__________
Nearness to large bodies of water: Has a moderating effect on temp.
-Near coast: less drastic temp changes Warmer winters, cooler summers
-Inland: more drastic Colder winters, warmer summers
4. Ocean currents
5. Land use
6. Mountain ranges

65. The Water Cycle

66. Factors that affect infiltration
Slope: As slope increases, infiltration _____
Porosity: % air space
Affected by Shape, packing, sorting, not size!
Permeability :
Capillarity
Land use
Vegetation
Saturation
Temperature