1. 1

2. The study of weather, climate, and atmospheric processes2

3. Weather is constantly changing, and it refers to the state of the atmosphere at any given time and place
Climate is based on observations of weather that have been collected over many years to help describe a place or region 3

4. Main Components CO2 < 1% Argon < 1% DRAW GRAPH Nitrogen – 78%
Oxygen – 21%
CO2 < 1%
Argon < 1%
DRAW GRAPH 4

5. Water vapor - source of all clouds and precipitation.5

6. • Ozone is a form of oxygen that combines three oxygen atoms into each molecule (O3)
• Ozone filters and absorbs harmful UV radiation by the sun
OZONE VIDEO 6

7. Primary Pollution: emitted directly from identifiable sources
Air pollution is airborne particles and gases that occur in concentrations large enough to endanger the health of organisms
Primary Pollution: emitted directly from identifiable sources
Secondary Pollution: not emitted directly into air (agriculture) 7

8. Sources Primary Pollutants Carbon monoxides Nitrogen oxides
Volatile Organics
Sulfur oxides
Particulate matter
Sources
Transportation
Stationary Source Fuel Combustion
Industrial Processes
Solid Waste 8

10. The atmosphere rapidly thins as you travel away from Earth until there are too few gas molecules to detect.
Pressure Changes
As you increase in altitude, or travel away from Earth, pressure decreases
Temperature Changes
As you increase in altitude in the Troposphere the temperature decreases. 10

12. The atmosphere is divided into four layers based on temperature:
Troposphere
Stratosphere
Mesosphere
Thermosphere

13. The bottom layer Temperature decreases with an increase in altitude.
Where weather occurs
Tropopause: boundary of the troposphere 13

14. Above the troposphere
Temperature remains constant, then gradually starts to increase
Contains the ozone layer
Stratopause: boundary of the stratosphere

15. Above the stratosphere Temperature decreases with height
Mesopause: boundary of the mesosphere 15

16. Upper layer of the atmosphere
Temperature increase with height
Auroras occur here
Fades into space
Why do you think temperatures increase in this layer?

18. Factors: Heating of land Heating of water Altitude Geographic position
Cloud cover
Ocean currents 18

19. Water – heats up longer and will retain the heat longer
Land heats and cools more rapidly and to higher temperatures than water
Water – heats up longer and will retain the heat longer 19

20. The higher the altitude the lower the temperatures.20

21. Albedo Daylight Cloud Cover Nighttime Cloud Cover
the fraction of total radiation that is reflected by any surface.
Daylight Cloud Cover
Clouds reflect solar radiation back to space
Temperatures are lower than on a clear day
Nighttime Cloud Cover
Clouds absorb radiation from land and reradiates some of it back to Earth
Temperatures are higher than on a clear night 21

22. As you move away from the equator the temperature drops22

23. Isotherms - lines on a weather map that connect points that have the same temperatures23

24. Temperature: measure of the amount of heat
Heat: the energy transferred from one object to another because of a direct difference in their temperature
Temperature: measure of the amount of heat 24

25. Heat transfer from HOT to COLD objects
Conduction
The transfer of heat through matter by molecular activity
Transfer by touching 25

26. Convection
The transfer of heat by a mass movement or circulation within a substance
Radiation
Travels out in all directions
Solar energy reaches earth by radiation 26

28. Reflection
occurs when light bounces off an object.
30 % of all radiation is reflected back to space
Scattering produces a larger number of rays that travel in many directions. 28

29. Absorption:
50 % of the solar energy that strikes the top of the atmosphere reaches the Earth’s surface
20% is absorbed in the clouds
30% is reflected back to space 29

30. Windward - is the direction upwind from the point of reference
Leeward- is the direction downwind from the point of reference 30

31. Rotation: spinning of the Earth about its axis (24 hours)
Revolution : movement of Earth in its orbit around the sun ( days)
The tilt of Earth’s axis causes seasons
Spins on its axis at a speed of 113,000 km/hr
Axis points to the North Star (Polaris) 31

32. Seasons are caused by the tilting of the earth on its axis
When the Earth is tilted towards the Sun – warmer seasons
When the Earth is tilted away from the Sun – cooler seasons 32

33. Solstice: The length of daylight and nighttime are different
Summer Solstice:
June 21 or 22
First day of summer
Longest daylight hour of the year
Winter Solstice:
December 21 or 22
First day of winter
Shortest daylight hours of the year 33

34. Equinox Sun rays directly over the equator
Daylight and nighttime length are the same
Autumnal Equinox
September 22 or 23
First day of fall
Spring Equinox
March 21 or 22
First day of spring 34