1. Next Review Session is: @ :15
Date: June, period 1
Aim # 85: What are the structures and functions of the human immune system?
HW:
Test Friday 6/2 (Regents MC!)
RRB pages due Friday
Castle Learning (QUIZ #5) due next MONDAY
Do Now:
Next Review Session is: @ :15

2. 1. Define regulation.
“control and coordination” of an organism’s metabolism

3. 2. Define homeostasis.
Maintaining a constant internal environment in a constantly changing external environment

4. 3. Define metabolism.
All of your life functions needed to be considered a living organism.

5. 4. What is the relationship between regulation, homeostasis, and metabolism?
Regulation controls our metabolism in order to maintain homeostasis
(Controlling and coordinating our life functions helps to maintain a constant internal environment.)

6. 5. Give an example of a regulatory mechanism that ensures homeostasis of body temperature
If the external environment changes, a person can sweat or shiver to maintain a constant 37 degrees Celsius.

7. 6. What 2 systems control and coordinate metabolism?
Nervous system
Endocrine system

8. 7. Similarities Nervous system
Nerves secrete chemicals called neurotransmitters
Maintains homeostasis
Endocrine system
Endocrine glands secrete chemicals called hormones
Maintains homeostasis

9. 8. Differences Nervous system Responses are rapid
Nerves transmit impulses via neurons
Endocrine system
Slow response, last a long time
Hormones are carried by plasma

10. Nervous System

11. Brain Pop: Nervous System ~ 2.5 minutes

12. 9. Neuron
Receive, conduct, and send impulses (electrical and chemical messages)
dendrites
Myelin sheath
nucleus
axon
Cell body
Schwann cells
Terminal branches

14. Brain Pop: Neurons ~ 4 minutes

15. 10. Synapses Gaps between neurons
Neurotransmitters: send signals from one neuron to another

18. Sketch a chemical molecule that might be released from nerve cell A and be recognized and bind to area I of nerve cell B.

19. types of neurons
Sensory: carry impulses from receptors (sense organ) to spinal cord and brain
Interneurons: relay impulses from one neuron to another in brain and spinal cord
Motor: carry impulses from the brain and spinal cord to effectors (muscles or glands)

20. 12. Nerve
Bundle of neurons

21. 13. Normal Pathway Response
Stimulus  receptor (sense organ)  sensory neuron  CNS (interneurons in brain and spinal cord)  motor neuron  effector (muscle or gland)

23. 14. Reflex Arc
Stimulus  receptor  sensory neuron  interneuron (in spinal cord only)  motor neuron  effector
“no brainer”: don’t think about it first

24. 15. Central Nervous System
Brain and spinal cord

26. Brain Pop: Brain

27. 19. Spinal cord Regulates reflexes
Carries nerve impulses between various parts of the body and the brain

29. Brain Pop: Spinal Cord ~ 2 minutes

30. 1.

31. 2. Which statement best describes the diagram
Nerve cell X is releasing receptor molecules
Nerve cell Y is signaling nerve cell X
Nerve cell X is attaching to nerve cell Y
Nerve cell Y contains receptor molecules for substance A
3. The process represented in the diagram best illustrates
Cellular communication
Muscle contraction
Extraction of energy from nutrients
Waste disposal

32. 4. The function of the neuron labeled X is to…
Transmit impulses from a sensory neuron to a motor neuron
Direct impulses from the receptor to the spinal cord
Initiate responses by stimulating the receptor
Transmit impulses from the effector to the brain

33. Endocrine System

34. Vocabulary
Definition
1. Endocrine Gland
Series of ductless glands that release chemicals directly into the bloodstream where they relay messages to other parts of the body
2. Gonads
Sex organs (ovaries and testes)
3. Hormone
Chemical produced in one part of an organism and transported to another part, where it causes a physiological change
4. Feedback Mechanism
Change in one quantity causes a change in a second quantity, which then causes a change in the first quantity
5. Hypothalamus
Portion of the brain that connects the endocrine and nervous system, and controls the pituitary gland by sending messages to the pituitary, which then releases its own chemicals or stimulates other glands to release chemicals

35. Gland
Function
Horomone(s)
Pituitary
Produce more thyroxin, egg development, long bone development
TSH, FSH, GH
Thyroid
Control rate of metabolism, physical and mental development
thyroxin
Parathyroid
Regulates metabolism of calcium and phosphates
Parathormone
Adrenal
Control heart rate, blood sugar levels, blood clotting rate
Adrenaline (epinephrine)
Islets of Langerhans
Sugar level regulation
Insulin, glucogon
Ovaries
Secondary female characteristics
Estrogen
Testes
Secondary male characteristics
Testosterone

37. Brain Pop: Endocrine System ~ 4 minutes

38. Improper insulin production, can’t regulate blood sugar level
Disorders
Descriptions
Diabetes
Improper insulin production, can’t regulate blood sugar level
Goiter
Enlargement of thyroid due to insufficient iodine in diet
Dwarfism
Can be caused by the pituitary gland not producing enough growth hormone

39. Brain Pop: Disease, Injuries, and Conditions(Blood Glucose Meter)

40. Regulation and Feedback Mechanisms

41. 1. Hormones are released by glands and travel through the circulatory system to reach target cells:

42. Hormones in blood and target cells: Neurotransmitters and neurons:
2. Receptor molecules: protein molecules in the cell membrane that can receive chemical messages from other cells (SPECIFIC).
Hormones in blood and target cells:
Neurotransmitters and neurons:

43. 3. Feedback:
change in “A”  Change in “B”  Change in “A”

44. 4. Negative Feedback: helps to maintain homeostasis
Keeps conditions normal (constant)
examples: body temperature regulation, blood sugar regulation, menstrual cycle,

45. 5. Regulating Body Temperature:

46. 6. Hormones and feedback mechanisms:

47. 7. Regulating Blood Sugar Levels:

49. 8. Hormones Involved in the Menstrual Cycle:

50. 9. Comparison: Nervous and Endocrine Systems
Nerve responses are ________________and of short duration
Nerves transmit impulses via _____________
Endocrine responses are ___________ but last for a long time
Hormones are carried by the plasma of the ___________
Chemicals are called ____________________
Chemicals are called __________________
Nervous Endocrine

51. 10. The diagram below illustrates some functions of the pituitary gland. The pituitary gland secretes substances that, in turn, cause other glands to secrete different substances.
Which statement best describes events shown in the diagram?
secretions provide the energy needed for metabolism.
The raw materials for the synthesis of secretions come from nitrogen.
The secretions of all glands speed blood circulation in the body.
Secretions help the body to respond to changes from the normal state.