1. Colonial American Lifestyle
Unit 1D
AP U.S. History

2. Think About It
To what extent did the First Great Awakening maintain continuity and foster change in English colonial development?

3. Colonial Religion
Diverse among colonies regarding strict adherence and religious toleration
Protestant dominant
Anglican Church
Congregationalist
Presbyterian
Lutheran
Catholic
The (First) Great Awakening (1730s-1740s)
Evangelism
Revivalism
Itinerant preachers
Jonathan Edwards
George Whitefield
Old Lights and New Lights - Debate
Baptists and Methodists

4. The First Great Awakening Jonathan Edwards
Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God (1741)
“There is nothing that keeps wicked men, at any one moment, out of hell, but the mere pleasure of God. By "the mere pleasure of God," I mean his sovereign pleasure, his arbitrary will, restrained by no obligation, hindered by no manner of difficulty, any more than if nothing else but God's mere will had in the least degree, or in any respect whatsoever, any hand in the preservation of wicked men one moment.”
“So that whatever some have imagined and pretended about promises made to natural men's earnest seeking and knocking, 'tis plain and manifest that whatever pains a natural man takes in religion, whatever prayers he makes, till he believes in Christ, God is under no manner of obligation to keep him a moment from eternal destruction.”
“The Use may be of Awakening to unconverted persons in this congregation. This that you have heard is the case of everyone of you that are out of Christ. That world of misery, that lake of burning brimstone is extended abroad under you. There is the dreadful pit of the glowing flames of the wrath of God; there is hell's wide gaping mouth open; and you have nothing to stand upon, nor anything to take hold of: there is nothing between you and hell but the air; 'tis only the power and mere pleasure of God that holds you up.”

5. The First Great Awakening George Whitefield
Marks of a True Conversion
Matthew 18:3—“Verily, I say unto you, except ye be converted, and become as little children, ye shall not enter into the kingdom of heaven.”
“I am afraid it will be found, that thousands, and ten thousands, who hope to go to this blessed place after death, are not now in the way to it while they live. Though we call ourselves Christians, and would consider it as an affront put upon us, for any one to doubt whether we were Christians or not; yet there are a great many, who bear the name of Christ, that yet do not so much as know what real Christianity is.”
“So that what our Lord is speaking of, is not the innocency of little children, if you consider the relation they stand in to God, and as they are in themselves, when brought into the world; but what our Lord means is, that as to ambition and lust after the world, we must in this sense become as little children. Is there never a little boy or girl in this congregation? Ask a poor little child, that can just speak, about a crown, scepter, or kingdom, the poor creature has no notion about it: give a little boy or girl a small thing to play with, it will leave the world to other people. Now in this sense we must be converted, and become as little children; that is, we must be as loose to the world, comparatively speaking, as a little child.”
“…begin now, while standing here; pray to God, and let the language of thy heart be, Lord convert me! Lord make me a little child, Lord Jesus let me not be banished from thy kingdom! My dear friends, there is a great deal more implied in the words, than is expressed: when Christ says, “Ye shall not enter into the kingdom of heaven,” it is as much to say, “ye shall certainly go to hell, ye shall certainly be damned, and dwell in the blackness of darkness for ever, ye shall go where the worm dies not, and where the fire is not quenched.” The Lord God impress it upon your souls! May an arrow (as one lately wrote me in a letter) dipped in the blood of Christ, reach every unconverted sinner's heart! May God fulfill the text to every one of your souls!”

6. Colonial Religion

7. Colonial Politics Limited Self-Government Voting Freedom of Expression
Elected bicameral legislative assemblies
Governors
Local governments
Voting
Limited to adult male educated and/or property owners
Freedom of Expression
John Peter Zenger Case (1735)

8. Dominion of New England (1686-1689)
Established by King James II to consolidate colonies
Administrative union of Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New York, New Jersey
Governor Edmund Andros
Dissolution

9. Colonial Society And Colonial Culture
American Social Structure
Wealthy landowners
Merchants
Small farmers
Craftspeople
Slaves
Regional differences
Opportunity
Less dependent on heredity
Gender Roles
Men
Patriarchal society
Landowners/laborers
Women
Submissive to men but respected
domestic responsibilities
limited to no political rights
Becoming American
Pragmatism
Dominance of English culture
Folkways
Regional differences

10. Colonial Culture - The Arts
Architecture
Early colonies centered around a church
Urban structures typical of English structures
Frontier log cabins
Literature
Newspapers
Religious sermons, political essays, non-fiction books
Poor Richard’s Almanac - Benjamin Franklin

11. Colonial Culture - Education
Limited to wealthy males; females learned domestic chores
Higher Education
Most established for ministry/theological studies
New England Colonies
Education by mothers
Towns with over 50 families required primary schools; over 100 families, required grammar schools
Middle Colonies
Private and church education
Southern Colonies
Limited education due to agricultural lifestyle

12. Settlement and Migration
250,000 in 1701 to 2.5 million in 1775
Europeans and Africans along with a high birth rate
Reasons: religion; economics; political turmoil
English, Germans (Pennsylvania Dutch), Scottish, Irish, Dutch, Swedish  OLD IMMIGRANTS
Africans forced to America; suffered discrimination and slave labor

13. Colonial Slavery Indentured servitude Why Slaves?
Increased wages in England
Labor shortages lead to importing slaves
Cheap labor
Dependable work force
Slave Rebellions and Reactions
Stono Rebellion/Cato Rebellion (1739)
New York “Conspiracy” (1741)
Slave laws

14. Slave Demographics

15. Slavery is Immoral; Slavery is Moral
Samuel Sewall, The Selling of Joseph: A Memorial (1700)
John Saffin, A Brief and Candid Answer to a Late Printed Sheet Entitled “The Selling of Joseph” (1701)
The Numerousness of Slaves at this Day in the Province, and the Uneasiness of them under their Slavery, hath put many upon thinking whether the Foundation of it be firmly and well laid; so as to sustain the Vast Weight that is built upon it. It is most certain that all Men, as they are the Sons of Adam, are Co-heirs, and have equal Right unto Liberty, and all other outward Comforts of Life. God hath given the Earth [with all its commodities] unto the Sons of Adam, Psal., 115, 16. And hath made of one Blood of all Nations of Men…Forasmuch then we are the Offspring of God. Acts 17, 26, 27, So that Originally, and Naturally, there is no such thing as Slavery.
True, but what is all this to the purpose, to prove that all men have equal right to Liberty, and all outward comforts of life; which Position seems to invert the Order that God hath set in the World, who hath Ordained different degrees and orders of men, some to be High and Honourable, some to be Low and Despicable; some to be Monarchs, Kings, Princes and Governours, Masters and Commanders, others to be Subjects, and to be Commanded; Servants of sundry sorts and degrees, bound to obey; yea, some to be born Slaves, and so to remain during their lives, as hath been proved. Otherwise there would be a meer parity among men, contrary to that of the Apostle; 1 Cor. 12 from the 13 to the 26 verse, where he sets forth (by comparison) the different sorts and offices of the Members of the Body…

16. Historiography “The Atlantic Slave Trade: Racism or Profit?”
Eric Williams – Capitalism and Slavery (1944)
David Eltis – Atlantic History in Global Perspective (1999)
Here, then, is the origin of Negro slavery. The reason was economic, not racial; it had to do not with the color of the laborer, but the cheapness of the labor. As compared with Indian and white labor, Negro slavery was eminently superior… This was not a theory, it was a practical conclusion deduced from the personal experience of the planter. He would have gone to the moon, if necessary, for labor. Africa was nearer than the moon, nearer too than the more populous countries of India and China. But their turn was to come.
But once the wall of African resistance helped force the plantation complex across the Atlantic, it seems self-evident that the transatlantic demand for labour from the Old World was economic. What do non-economic values have to do with shaping this pattern?... The explanation for the racial exclusivity of labour regimes and the transatlantic flows that supplied the labour itself must have been that Europeans were prepared to enslave Africans or use black slaves that other Africans had deprived of their freedom, but were not prepared to subject other Europeans, even despised minorities such as Jews, Huguenots, and Irish, to the same fate.

17. Colonial Economics Mercantilism Acts of Navigation Molasses Act (1733)
Colonies for the “Mother Country”
Acts of Navigation
Trade on English ships
Imports pass English ports
Exports to England
Molasses Act (1733)
Triangular Trade
Middle Passage

18. Colonial Economics Money Transportation New England Middle Colonies
Commodity money (gold/silver)
Fiat money (paper currency)
Transportation
Rivers and coasts
Horse and carriage
Taverns and postal services
New England
Shipbuilding and manufacturing
Lumber
Fishing and whaling
Merchants/Trade
Middle Colonies
Wheat and corn
Manufacturing
Southern Colonies
Plantation systems
Tobacco, rice, indigo
Forced labor
Indentured servants and slaves

19. PUROPOSE DATE FOUNDER MAJOR EXPORT () - Becomes an English colony
VIRGINIA
commercial
1607
Virginia Company
John Smith
Tobacco
PLYMOUTH/
MASSACHUSETTS
Religious refuge/
1620/
1628
William Bradford/
Massachusetts Bay Company
John Winthrop
Grain, timber
NEW YORK
1613 (1664)
Peter Stuveysant
(Duke of York)
Furs, grain
NEW HAMPSHIRE
1623
John Mason
Timber, naval stores
RHODE ISLAND
Religious refuge
1636
Roger Williams
Grain
CONNECTICUT
expansion
1635
Thomas Hooker
PENNSYLVANIA
1681
William Penn -
Quakers
DELAWARE
1638 (1681)
Peter Minuit/
William Penn
MARYLAND
1634
Lord Baltimore -
Catholics
NORTH CAROLINA
1663
Anthony Cooper
Tobacco, timber, naval stores
SOUTH CAROLINA
Rice, indigo, naval stores
GEORGIA
Buffer, experiment
1733
James Oglethorpe
Rice, timber, naval stores
() - Becomes an English colony