1. CHAPTER 14 & 15 Animals in Ocean by Dr. C. Dong

2. How to avoid sinking Increase buoyancy Gas containers
Rigid container such as shells (internal or external) or
Swim bladder
Fig. 14.2

3. How to avoid sinking Floating macroscopic zooplankton Examples
Portuguese man-of-war gas-filled float
jellyfish soft low-density bodies
Fig. 14.7a

4. How to avoid sinking Active swimming
Fish, squids, sea turtles, marine mammals
Swim by trapping water and expelling it
Swim by curving body from front to back
Fig. 14.9

5. Fin designs in fish Paired vertical fins as stabilizers
Paired pelvic fins and pectoral fins for “steering” and balance
Tail fin (caudal) for thrust

6. Fin designs in fish
Rounded fin on a queen angel
Fig a

7. Exe 15-01 Why can marine animals stay in any levels of ocean?
What is the fish’s fin for?

8. Marine mammals Land-dwelling ancestors Warm-blooded Breathe air
Hair/fur
Bear live young
Mammary glands for milk

9. Marine mammals Carnivora Prominent canine teeth Sea otters Polar bears
Pinnepeds
Walruses
Seals
Sea lions
Fur seals

10. Marine mammals Sirenia Herbivores Manatees
Coastal areas of tropical Atlantic Ocean
Dugongs
Coastal areas of Indian and western Pacific Oceans

11. Marine mammals Cetacea Whales, dolphins, porpoises
Stream-lined bodies for fast swimming
Specialized skin structure for fast swimming

12. Cetacea
Fig

13. Intelligence in toothed whales
Large brains relative to body size
Communicate with each other
Brains convoluted
Trainable
Are they intelligent?

14. Gray whale migration
22,000 km (13,700 mi) annual migration from coastal Arctic Ocean to Baja California and Mexico
Feeding grounds in Arctic (summer)
Breeding and birthing grounds in tropical eastern Pacific (winter)
Fig

15. Whales as endangered species
Fig
Whales as endangered species
Fewer whales now than before whaling
International Whaling Treaty
Hunting of gray whale banned in 1938
Gray removed from endangered list in 1993 as population rebounded

16. Exe 15-02 List five marine mammals
From where to where do gray whales migrate every year?

17. Intertidal zonation (rocky shore)
Fig a

18. Intertidal zonation (sandy shore)
Fig. 15.8

19. Exe 15-03
What animals are expected to be found at a sandy beach?

20. Coral reefs Most coral polyps live in large colonies
Hard calcium carbonate structures
Coral reefs limited to
Warm (but not hot) seawater
Sunlight (for symbiotic algae)
Strong waves or currents
Clear seawater
Normal salinity
Hard substrate

21. Reef-building corals
Fig

22. Symbiosis of coral and algae
Coral reefs made of algae, mollusks, foraminifers as well as corals
Hermatypic coral mutualistic relationship with algae
Algae provide food
Corals provide nutrients

23. Coral reef zonation Different types of corals at different depths
Fig

24. Importance of coral reefs
Largest structures created by living organisms
Great Barrier Reef, Australia, more than 2000 km (1250 m) long
Great diversity of species
Important tourist locales
Fisheries
Reefs protect shorelines

25. Humans and coral reefs
Activities such as fishing, tourist collecting, sediment influx due to shore development harm coral reefs
Sewage discharge and agricultural fertilizers increase nutrients in reef waters
Hermatypic corals thrive at low nutrient levels
Phytoplankton overwhelm at high nutrient levels
Bioerosion of coral reef by algae-eating organisms

26. Exe 15-04 List the conditions in which coral Reef can live
Describe the importance of coral reefs to human beings
Where is the coral triangle?

27. Deep-sea hydrothermal vent biocommunities
First discovered 1977
Chemosynthesis
Archaea use sea floor chemicals to make organic matter
Tube worms
Giant clams and mussels
Crabs
Microbial mats

28. Global hydrothermal vent fields
Fig

29. Deep-sea hydrothermal vent biocommunities
Vents active for years or decades
Animals species similar at widely separated vents
Larvae drift from site to site
“Dead whale hypothesis”
Large carcasses may be stepping stone for larvae

30. Exe 15-05
Does the photosynthesis take place at the deep ocean? If not, what similar process take places there?