2. Chapter Menu Lesson 1: Chemistry of Life Lesson 2: Carbon Compounds
Lesson 3: Compounds of Life
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3. 10.1 Chemistry of Life
biomass
polar molecule
nonpolar molecule

4. 10.1 Chemistry of Life
Elements of Life
The elements you need to live are the same for all living things.
Over 96 percent of your body is made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.
Biomass is the total mass of all living things.

5. 10.1 Chemistry of Life
The Carbon Cycle
Plants obtain carbon from atmospheric carbon dioxide to make sugar molecules to store energy.
Animals eat the plants or other animals to obtain carbon.
Carbon dioxide is a waste product of breathing.
When fossil fuels are burned, they release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.

6. The Carbon Cycle (cont.)
10.1 Chemistry of Life
The Carbon Cycle (cont.)

7. The Nitrogen Cycle Plants cannot use atmospheric nitrogen.
10.1 Chemistry of Life
The Nitrogen Cycle
Plants cannot use atmospheric nitrogen.
Bacteria in the soil ‘fix’ nitrogen, changing it to a form that plants can take up through their roots.
Plants use the nitrogen for building cells.
Animals eat the plants and nitrogen is passed on.
Nitrogen is also passed on when one animal eats another.

8. The Nitrogen Cycle (cont.)
10.1 Chemistry of Life
The Nitrogen Cycle (cont.)
The cycle is complete when decomposers break down dead organisms and return the nitrogen to the soil.

9. The Phosphorus Cycle Plants absorb phosphorus through their roots.
10.1 Chemistry of Life
The Phosphorus Cycle
Plants absorb phosphorus through their roots.
Consumers obtain phosphorus by eating plants or animals that have eaten plants.

10. Water and Living Organisms
10.1 Chemistry of Life
Water and Living Organisms
Living organisms cannot survive without water.
Essentially, all of life’s processes occur in a water mixture.

11. Water and Life on Other Planets
10.1 Chemistry of Life
Water and Life on Other Planets
Water is a possible indicator of life on other planets.

12. Life-Sustaining Properties of Water
10.1 Chemistry of Life
Life-Sustaining Properties of Water
Water is a polar molecule—it has a positive and a negative end.
A nonpolar molecule shares electrons equally and does not have oppositely charged ends.

13. Life-Sustaining Properties of Water (cont.)
10.1 Chemistry of Life
Life-Sustaining Properties of Water (cont.)
Individual water molecules act like magnets.
The positive end attracts the negative end of other water molecules.
This weak bonding is known as hydrogen bonding.

14. Life-Sustaining Properties of Water (cont.)
10.1 Chemistry of Life
Life-Sustaining Properties of Water (cont.)

15. Which is one of the six elements that make up most of Earth’s biomass?
10.1 Chemistry of Life A B C D
Which is one of the six elements that make up most of Earth’s biomass?
A helium
B iron
C nitrogen
D sodium
Lesson 1 Review

16. Water is a polar molecule because ____. A it has a negative charge
10.1 Chemistry of Life A B C D
Water is a polar molecule because ____.
A it has a negative charge
B it has a covalent bond with unequal sharing of the electrons
C it has a positive charge
D it has an ionic bond
Lesson 1 Review

17. Where do plants obtain nitrogen for cellular activities?
10.1 Chemistry of Life A B C D
Where do plants obtain nitrogen for cellular activities?
A from the air
B from decaying organisms
C from animal waste
D from nitrogen-fixing bacteria in the soil
Lesson 1 Review

18. End of Lesson 1

19. 10.2 Carbon Compounds organic compound hydrocarbon
saturated hydrocarbon
unsaturated hydrocarbon
functional group
amino acid

20. 10.2 Carbon Compounds
Organic Compounds
Organic molecules of various sizes, shapes, and chemical properties are based on carbon.
Organic compounds are compounds that contain the element carbon.
Not all compounds containing carbon are organic.

21. Carbon Bonds Carbon is unique because it can form four covalent bonds.
10.2 Carbon Compounds
Carbon Bonds
Carbon is unique because it can form four covalent bonds.
Carbon can form short chains, long chains, branched chains, and rings.
How can models of carbon compounds be built?

22. 10.2 Carbon Compounds
Hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbons are molecules that contain only carbon and hydrogen atoms.

23. 10.2 Carbon Compounds
Hydrocarbons (cont.)
Saturated hydrocarbons contain only single covalent bonds between carbon atoms.
Unsaturated hydrocarbons contain at least one double or triple bond between carbon atoms.

24. Substituted Hydrocarbons
10.2 Carbon Compounds
Substituted Hydrocarbons
A functional group is a group of atoms that replace a hydrogen atom in organic compounds.
Organic compounds that contain a functional group are called substituted hydrocarbons.

25. Substituted Hydrocarbons
10.2 Carbon Compounds
Substituted Hydrocarbons
Functional Groups

26. 10.2 Carbon Compounds
Hydroxyl Group
A hydroxyl group contains an oxygen atom and a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to one another.

27. 10.2 Carbon Compounds
Hydroxyl Group (cont.)
Alcohols contain a hydroxyl group, –OH, added to the carbon.
Functional groups change the properties of hydrocarbons.

28. 10.2 Carbon Compounds
Carboxyl Group
Carboxylic acids contain the carboxyl group, –COOH, where the carbon is double-bonded to one of the oxygen atoms.

29. 10.2 Carbon Compounds
Amino Group
Amino groups contain a nitrogen atom and two hydrogen atoms, –NH2.
Compounds that contain the amino group are called amines.

30. Amino Acids and Proteins
10.2 Carbon Compounds
Amino Acids and Proteins
Amino acids contain both an amino group and a carboxylic acid.
Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins.
Proteins make up living organisms and control many body functions.

31. Shapes of Molecules Tetrahedral molecules are shaped like pyramids.
10.2 Carbon Compounds
Shapes of Molecules
Tetrahedral molecules are shaped like pyramids.

32. Shapes of Molecules (cont.)
10.2 Carbon Compounds
Shapes of Molecules (cont.)
Planar molecules are flat like sheets of paper.

33. Shapes of Molecules (cont.)
10.2 Carbon Compounds
Shapes of Molecules (cont.)
Linear molecules are arranged in a line.

34. Which of the following is the amino group? A –OH B –NH2 C –COOH D CH4
10.2 Carbon Compounds A B C D
Which of the following is the amino group?
A –OH
B –NH2
C –COOH
D CH4
Lesson 2 Review

35. Which type of molecule is like a flat piece of paper? A planar
10.2 Carbon Compounds A B C D
Which type of molecule is like a flat piece of paper?
A planar
B linear
C cubic
D tetrahedral
Lesson 2 Review

36. How many possible covalent bonds can carbon form? A one B two C three
10.2 Carbon Compounds A B C D
How many possible covalent bonds can carbon form?
A one
B two
C three
D four
Lesson 2 Review

37. End of Lesson 2

38. 10.3 Compounds of Life polymer monomer synthetic polymer
natural polymer
biomolecule
lipid
nucleic acid
carbohydrate

39. 10.3 Compounds of Life
Polymers
A polymer is a covalent compound of small, repeating units linked in a chain.
A monomer is a small molecule that forms a link in a polymer chain.
Synthetic polymers, such as plastic wrap, are polymers not found in nature.

40. 10.3 Compounds of Life
Polymers (cont.)
Natural polymers, such as proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids, contain carbon and are found in living organisms.

41. Biological Molecules The human body contains 60–80 percent water.
10.3 Compounds of Life
Biological Molecules
The human body contains 60–80 percent water.
The remaining parts are carbon and non-carbon compounds.
Biomolecules are large organic molecules found in living organisms—proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids are biomolecules.

42. Biological Molecules (cont.)
10.3 Compounds of Life
Biological Molecules (cont.)

43. 10.3 Compounds of Life
Nucleic Acids
Nucleic acids are biomolecules found in plant and animal cells that store cellular information.
Nucleic acids are composed of three parts—a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen group.

44. 10.3 Compounds of Life
Nucleic Acids (cont.)
Nucleotides are the monomers that compose DNA and RNA.
Nucleic acids are polymers formed from nucleotide monomers.

45. 10.3 Compounds of Life
Lipids
Lipids are used to store energy in cells and are part of cell membranes.
Lipids are nonpolar and don’t dissolve in water.
Lipids may be saturated or unsaturated if they contain double bonds.

46. 10.3 Compounds of Life
Lipids (cont.)

47. 10.3 Compounds of Life
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are organic compounds used by cells to store and release energy.
Complex carbohydrates are made from sugar monomers.

48. 10.3 Compounds of Life
Carbohydrates (cont.)
The three main types of complex carbohydrates are
Cellulose—found in wood and cotton fibers,
Starch—used by plants to store energy, and
Glycogen—used by animals to store energy.

49. Proteins Proteins are organic polymers made of amino acid monomers.
10.3 Compounds of Life
Proteins
Proteins are organic polymers made of amino acid monomers.

50. 10.3 Compounds of Life
Proteins (cont.)
Amino acids are composed of an amino group and a carboxylic acid and another group called a side chain.
The side chain is the only thing that is different on the 20 kinds of amino acids and is known as the R-group.
The amino acids that make up proteins have a specific arrangement for each protein.

51. Elements in the Human Body
10.3 Compounds of Life
Elements in the Human Body
In addition to organic biomolecules, living organisms contain minerals, which are elements.

52. Which is NOT found in an amino acid? A carboxyl group B hydroxyl group
10.3 Compounds of Life A B C D
Which is NOT found in an amino acid?
A carboxyl group
B hydroxyl group
C R-group
D amino group
Lesson 3 Review

53. Plants use ____ to store energy, while animals use ____.
10.3 Compounds of Life A B C D
Plants use ____ to store energy, while animals use ____.
A starch; cellulose
B cellulose; glycogen
C starch; glycogen
D glycogen; starch
Lesson 3 Review

54. Which of the following is NOT a polymer? A complex carbohydrates
10.3 Compounds of Life A B C D
Which of the following is NOT a polymer?
A complex carbohydrates
B proteins
C nucleic acids
D minerals
Lesson 3 Review

55. End of Lesson 3

56. Chapter Resources Menu
Chapter Assessment
California Standards Practice
Image Bank
Science Online
Interactive Table
Virtual Lab
BrainPOP
Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding feature.

57. A B C D
A(n) ____ molecule has a positive and negative end because of unequal electron sharing.
A organic
B polar
C nonpolar
D covalent
Chapter Assessment 1

58. Which is the largest source of carbon? A atmosphere B soil C oceans D
Which is the largest source of carbon?
A atmosphere
B soil
C oceans
D animals
Chapter Assessment 2

59. Which contains the most hydrogen atoms? A a water molecule B C D
Which contains the most hydrogen atoms?
A a water molecule
B a methane molecule
C a two carbon hydrocarbon that is saturated
D a two carbon hydrocarbon that is unsaturated
Chapter Assessment 3

60. What are the building blocks of proteins? A sugars B carboxylic acids
C amino acids
D hydroxyl groups
Chapter Assessment 4

61. Which of the following is NOT an organic molecule? A carboxylic acid
B nucleic acid
C lipid
D mineral
Chapter Assessment 5

62. Small, repeating molecules called ____ make up polymers. A ions
SCI 3.c A B C D
Small, repeating molecules called ____ make up polymers.
A ions
B lipids
C monomers
D nucleotides
CA Standards Practice 1

63. What are the four most common elements found in living organisms?
SCI 6.b A B C D
What are the four most common elements found in living organisms?
A carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
B carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and sodium
C carbon, sulfur, hydrogen, and nitrogen
D magnesium, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen
CA Standards Practice 2

64. Carbon is important to life because of what unique property?
SCI 6.a A B C D
Carbon is important to life because of what unique property?
A It is polar.
B It is nonpolar.
C It forms ionic bonds.
D It can form four covalent bonds.
CA Standards Practice 3

65. Sodium chloride is a ____ required by living organisms. A lipid
SCI 6.b A B C D
Sodium chloride is a ____ required by living organisms.
A lipid
B complex carbohydrate
C mineral
D nucleic acid
CA Standards Practice 4

66. DNA and RNA are composed of ____. A fats B nucleic acids
SCI 6.c A B C D
DNA and RNA are composed of ____.
A fats
B nucleic acids
C simple carbohydrates
D complex carbohydrates
CA Standards Practice 5

67. Image Bank

68. Interactive Table

69. End of Resources