1. Genetics Review
Mrs.Paparella
Spring 2010

2. DNA Hereditary information stored in nucleus
Makes up genes which make up chromosomes
Is made up of nucleotide subunits
Each subunit has 3 things
Phosphate
Sugar
Nitrogen base: AT GC
Has a double helix shape

3. Explain what this diagram means!
Nucleus
chromosome
Genes
DNA

4. DNA Controls Cell Activities the main one is protein synthesis
Determines order of amino acids in proteins
Those proteins are used as enzymes to make reactions in your body happen (digestion, synthesis)
Enzymes regulate chemical reactions
Proteins make up hormones(Insulin, estrogen, testosterone)
Proteins make up antibodies

5. Protein Synthesis
DNA in nucleus untwists and then mRNA (messenger RNA) moves out of the nucleus and travels through the cytoplasm to the ribosome where the protein will get made
tRNA(transfer RNA) will bring specific amino acids to the mRNA and those a.a. will join together to make a specific protein that was coded for by the order of the ATGC’s in the original DNA strand.

6. Protein Synthesis DNA in nucleus unwinds and makes a template
mRNA gets made
Moves out of nucleus to cytoplasm
mRNA travels to the ribosome
tRNA transfers the specific amino acid
to the mRNA strand
The specific protein will get made
The genes in the DNA coded for this specific protein; the instructions are in the code
The order of the ATGC’s of the gene determine the protein that gets made

7. Mutations in the gene sequence
Any change in the normal DNA sequence (order of the ATTCGGA etc. ) is called a mutation
A base unit can be substituted or deleted which may affect what amino acid gets brought to the mRNA on the ribosome.
For example if the normal gene code is:
ATT-GCG- AAA-CCC-
If that first A is deleted, then the code would read:
TTG-CGA-AAC-CC which might bring the wrong amino acid and then the wrong protein would get made which wouldn’t work properly as a certain enzyme.

8. Causes of Mutations Exposure to radiation: UV radiation, X-rays
Exposure to chemicals
Viruses
Random changes during meiosis (crossing over)

9. Mutations are random Some are not that big a deal
Others can make a protein malfunction and cause major diseases like sickle cell anemia which is a blood cell disorder. The Red Blood cells are not round, they are deformed in shape.

10. How does the disease get passed on?

11. More Details about Sickle Cell Disease

12. DNA and Individual Cell types
Every single cell in your body has a complete set of identical genetic instructions in its nucleus
So, why are there so many different kinds of cells?
Each cell only uses a small part of the instructions that it needs to operate properly.
Certain genes get switched off and on as they are needed.
Internal (inside the body) and external(outside) factors can switch those genes off and on. We call that activation of genes.

13. Expression of Genes
Temperature can determine which gene gets expressed in the Himalayan Rabbit.
Black fur will grow when
the body area is cold.
When the body area is warm,
white fur will grow.
Why are the ears, nose and
Feet black?

14. The Arctic Hare in Winter and in Summer

15. Genetic Engineering
Technology that humans use to alter the genetic information in organisms
Genetically Modified Fruits, Vegetables and Animals are created by genetic engineers who select certain gene sequences that will make specific varieties of those species.
It involves using special enzymes that cut DNA segments in certain spots so that new organisms can be made that do certain things.

16. Genetics Unit Activities www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/tryit/dna/#
Science Review Games:
Genes & Chromosomes Discusses gene chromosome theory, gene linkage and inheritance.
Genetic Disorders & Mutations Reasons for the following mutations are discussed: PKU, tay-sachs, sickle-cell anemia, and down's syndrome.
History & Technology of Genetics Basic overview of the technologies and the history within the genetic field.
Population Genetics Reviews: gene pool, mutation, migrations, gene frequencies, population genetics and geographic isolation.
Punnet Square Practice with Punnet Squares.
RNA & Protein Synthesis Components of RNA and protein synthesis.