1. What are these people doing during the time of rapid bone loss?
What group of people undergoes extreme and rapid bone loss for a period of time but recover very rapidly?
Astronauts in Space
What are these people doing during the time of rapid bone loss?
They are in zero gravity
Osteoblasts stop functioning
(No bone build-up)
Osteoclasts keep functioning
(Only bone breakdown)

2. Now I need to Memorize all the bones!!!!!!!! UGH!!!
Cyrus Bone Dance!

3. The Skeleton
The skeleton is made up of the axial and the appendicular skeleton.
The Axial Skeleton
blue
80 bones
skull
bones of the middle ear
hyoid bone
bony thorax (chest cage)
spinal column
The Appendicular Skeleton
pink
126 bones
bones of arms & hands
bones of legs & feet
scapula
clavicle
coxal bones (hips)

4. The Skull 28 bones of the skull protects and houses the brain
(8 cranial, 14 facial, and 6 ear bones)
protects and houses the brain
sutures are fibrous joints that provide some degree of flexibility to absorb shock from a blow to the head decreasing the chance of a skull fracture

5. Associated Bones of the Skull
Auditory Ossicles:
malleus (hammer)
incus (anvil)
stapes (stirrup)
Hyoid Bone:
bone in the neck
the only bone not articulated to any other bone

6. The Bony Thorax – Chest Cage
Provides support and protection for the heart, lungs, and great blood vessels
Cartilage connections allow flexibility for breathing and reduces risk of fracture
Sternum
“breastbone”
12 prs of Ribs
True Ribs
“vertebrosternal”
(7 pair)
False Ribs
“vertebrocostal”
(3 pair)
Floating Ribs
(2 pair)
Manubrium
Body
Xiphoid Process

7. The Spinal Column protects the spinal cord! 7 Cervical Vertebrae
12 Thoracic Vertebrae
5 Lumbar Vertebrae
Sacrum (5 fused vertebrae)
Coccyx (3-5 small bones; tailbone)

8. Spinal Column Abnormalities
Herniated Disk
Pads of cartilage between vertebrae (invertebral disks) herniate through outer covering and press on spinal nerve roots causing pain.
Found in persons <45 yrs old due to poor posture or poor lifting techniques.
Found in elderly due to degenerative joint disease.
Treatment:
rest, heat, PT, analgesics,
muscle relaxants,
and/or surgery for more serious cases.

9. Spinal Disfigurements
caused by congenital deformity, trauma, poor posture, or disease
Kyphosis (hunchback)
curvature of the upper spine (thorax)
the result of bad posture or a structural anomaly in the spine

10. Spinal Disfigurements
Lordosis (hollow back, swayback, saddle back)
curvature of the lower spine (lumbar)
causes of excessive lordosis include tight low back muscles, excessive visceral fat, and pregnancy

11. Spinal Disfigurements
Scoliosis
spine is curved from side to side or front to back, and may also be rotated; spine may look more like an "S" or a "C" than a straight line
causes are:
congenital (caused by vertebral anomalies present at birth)
having developed as a secondary symptom of another condition, such as cerebral palsy or spinal muscular atrophy

12. The Appendicular Skeleton
Consists of 126 bones
(most of those in the hands and feet)
bones of arms & hands
bones of attachment:
scapula
clavicle
bones of legs & feet
coxal bones (hips)

13. Bones of the Arms and Hands

14. Bones of the Legs and Feet
Coxal (hip) bones

15. The Pelvic Girdle Ways to tell male pelvis from female:
spread of ilium: female more flared and cradle-like with anterior iliac spines farther apart vs. more straight “up-and-down” in male
shape of hole in ischium: smaller and triangular in female vs. larger and rounded in male
angle across pubic symphysis = pubic arch: less than 90° (acute angle) and more sharply angled in male, greater than 90° (obtuse angle) and more rounded in female
inner diameter and distance between ischia larger in female--big enough for head of baby to pass through