1. Chapter 10: Citing Sources

2. Whip Around What is your informative speech topic?
Be prepared to share aloud.
“I don’t know” is not an acceptable answer.

3. Crediting Speech Sources
Demonstrates quality and range of research
Shows reliable sources support your position
Helps you avoid plagiarism
Gives you credibility as ethical speaker

4. Crediting Speech Sources (cont.)
Enhances your authority
Wins support for your viewpoint
Enables listeners to locate your sources
Common knowledge need not be credited.

5. Alert Listeners to Key Source Information
Oral citations briefly alert the audience to
Author or origin of the source;
Type of source;
Title or description of the source;
Date of the source.

6. Alert Listeners to Key Source Information (cont.)
Do not give complete bibliographic references.
Interrupts the flow of the speech
Diverts listeners’ attention
Present sources in a rhetorically effective manner.

7. Alert Listeners to Key Source Information (cont.)
Establish the source’s trustworthiness.
Source reliability increases level of trust.
A reliable source can be inaccurate.
Offer a variety of sources instead.
Check for the source qualifier.
Briefly describes the source’s qualifications

8. Alert Listeners to Key Source Information (cont.)
Avoid a mechanical delivery.
Vary the wording.
Lead with the claim.

9. Establish the Source’s Reliability and Credibility
Note credentials if they inspire trust.
Identify sources that are reputable institutions.
Reveal how cited statistics were obtained.
Put them into context.

10. Avoid a Mechanical Delivery
Use these strategies to avoid breaking the flow of the speech:
Vary the wording.
Lead with the claim, not with the source.

11. Overview of Source Types
Book with two or fewer authors
First and last names
Source qualifier
Title
Date of publication

12. Overview of Source Types (cont.)
Book with three or more authors
First author’s first and last name
“Coauthors”
Source qualifier
Title
Date of publication

13. Overview of Source Types (cont.)
Reference work
Title
Date of publication
Author or sponsoring organization
Source qualifier

14. Overview of Source Types (cont.)
Print article
Author’s first and last name
Source qualifier
Title
Date of publication

15. Overview of Source Types (cont.)
Online-only magazine, newspaper, journal
Author’s first and last name
Source qualifier
Title and date of publication
Identification of publication as “online magazine,” “online newspaper,” or “online journal”

16. Overview of Source Types (cont.)
Organization website
Name of website
Source qualifier
Section of website cited
Last update

17. Would you use it?

18. Overview of Source Types (cont.)
Blog
Name of blogger
Source qualifier
Affiliated website (if applicable)
Date of posting

19. Would you use this?

20. Overview of Source Types (cont.)
Television or radio program
Name of program
Segment
Reporter
Source qualifier
Date aired

21. Overview of Source Types (cont.)
Online video
Name of online video source
Program
Segment
Source qualifier
Date aired (if applicable)

22. Would you use it?

23. Overview of Source Types (cont.)
Testimony (lay or expert)
Name of person
Source qualifier
Context in which information was offered
Date information was offered

24. Overview of Source Types (cont.)
Interview and other personal communication
Name of person
Source qualifier
Date of interview, correspondence, , or memorandum

25. If using PowerPoint..
Add the citation to the corresponding slide or at the end of the presentation on a “references” slide
Helps you remember to cite the source

26. References
Hutchens, J. S., & Hayes, T. (2014). In your facebook: Examining facebook usage as misbehavior on perceived teacher credibility. Education and Information Technologies, 19, doi: /s
Kearney, P., Plax, T. G., Hays, E. R., & Ivey, M. (1991). College instructor misbehaviors: What students don’t like about what instructors say and do. Communication Quarterly, 39,
Kelsey, D. M., Kearney, P., Plax, T. G., Allen, T. H., & Ritter, K. J. (2004). College students’ attributions of teacher misbehaviors. Communication Education, 53, doi: /

27. Forms of Instructor Misbehaviors
Cursing
Showing up late
Calling students bad names
Not coming to class
Not answering phone calls/ s
Not grading work on time
Kelsey, D. M., Kearney, P., Plax, T. G., Allen, T. H., & Ritter, K. J. (2004). College students’ attributions of teacher misbehaviors. Communication Education, 53, doi: /

28. Citing in this class Orally Written Who Year Who Year Title of article
Organization
Website

29. Owl Purdue & Citation Machine

30. Summary Questions
What is a way to alert listeners of key source information?
What are the different types of sources?
If you are using a PowerPoint presentation what must you include?
What are direct quotations?
What does paraphrasing mean?