1. CHAPTER-3
RESEARCH DESIGNS
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2. Types Of Research
Exploratory
Descriptive
Causal
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3. Uncertainty Influences The Type Of Research
CAUSAL OR
DESCRIPTIVE
COMPLETELY
CERTAIN
ABSOLUTE
AMBIGUITY
EXPLORATORY
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4. Degree of Problem Definition
Exploratory Research Descriptive Research Causal Research
(Unaware of Problem) (Aware of Problem) (Problem Clearly Defined)
“Our sales are declining and “What kind of people are buying “Will buyers purchase more of
we don’t know why.” our product? Who buys our our products in a new package?
competitor’s product?”
“Would people be interested “Which of two advertising
in our new product idea?” “What features do buyers prefer campaigns is more effective?”
in our product?”
possible situation
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5. Exploratory Research Secondary data Experience survey Pilot studies
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6. Exploratory Research
Initial research conducted to clarify and define the nature of a problem
Does not provide conclusive evidence
Subsequent research expected
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7. Descriptive Research
Describes characteristics of a population or phenomenon
Some understanding of the nature of the problem
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8. I keep six honest serving men, (they taught me all I knew), their names are
what,
and why,
and when,
and how,
and where
and who.”
--Rudyard Kipling
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9. Descriptive Research Example
Woman about 40 years old
Household income of about $50,000
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10. Causal Research Conducted to identify cause and effect relationships
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11. Identifying Causality
A causal relationship is possible to prove.
Evidence of causality:
1. The appropriate causal order of events
2. Concomitant variation--two phenomena vary together
3. An absence of alternative plausible explanations
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12. RESEARCH PROCESS
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13. Stages of the Research Process
Problem Discovery
and Definition
Discovery and
Definition
and so on
Research
Design
Conclusions and
Report
Sampling
Data Processing
and Analysis
Data
Gathering
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14. Research Stages Cyclical process - conclusions generate new ideas
Stages can overlap chronologically
Stages are functionally interrelated
Forward linkages
Backward linkages
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15. Shrikant Diwan Problem discovery Problem Discovery and Definition
Selection of
exploratory research
technique
Problem
discovery
Problem Discovery
and Definition
Sampling
Selection of
exploratory research
technique
Probability
Nonprobability
Secondary
(historical)
data
Experience
survey
Pilot
study
Case
study
Collection of
data
(fieldwork)
Data
Gathering
Data
Processing
and
Analysis
Editing and
coding
data
Problem definition
(statement of
research objectives)
Data
processing
Selection of
basic research
method
Research Design
Conclusions
and Report
Interpretation of
findings
Experiment
Survey
Observation
Secondary
Data Study
Report
Laboratory
Field
Interview
Questionnaire
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16. The Business Research Process
Problem Discovery
Selection of Sample Design
Exploratory Research
Collection of the Data
Selection of the Basic Research Method
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17. The Research Process (cont.)
Editing and Coding
Report
Data Processing
Interpretation of the Findings
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18. Stages In The Research Process
Problem Discovery and Problem Definition
Research Design
Sampling
Data Gathering
Data Processing and Analysis
Conclusions And Report
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19. Problem Discovery And Definition
First step
Problem, opportunity, or monitor operations
Discovery before definition
Problem means management problem
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20. “The formulation of the problem is often more essential than its solution”
Albert Einstein
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21. State the research questions and research objectives
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22. Hypothesis A statement that can be refuted by empirical data
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23. If you do not know where you are going, any road will take you there.
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24. Exploratory Research Experience Case Survey Study Pilot Study
SECONDARY
(historical)
Data
Exploratory
Research
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25. Exploratory Research Techniques Two Examples
Secondary data (historical data)
Previously collected
Census of population
Literature survey
Pilot study
A number of diverse techniques
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26. Focus Group Interview
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27. Research Design Master plan Framework for action
Specifies methods and procedures
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28. Basic Research Methods
Surveys
Experiments
Secondary data
Observation
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29. Selecting a Sample Sample: subset SAMPLE of a larger population.
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30. Secondary data analysis Case Studies Pilot Studies
CATEGORIES OF
EXPLORATORY RESEARCH
Experience Surveys
Secondary data analysis
Case Studies
Pilot Studies
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31. Sampling Who is to be sampled? How large a sample?
How will sample units be selected?
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32. Data Gathering Stage
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33. Data Processing and Analysis
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34. Conclusions And Report Writing
Effective communication of the research findings
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35. Research Proposal
A written statement of the research design that includes a statement explaining the purpose of the study.
Detailed outline of procedures associated with a particular methodology
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36. Shrikant Diwan

37. Defining Problem Results in Clear Cut Research Objectives
Symptom Detection
Analysis of
the Situation
Exploratory
Research
(Optional)
Problem Definition
Statement of
Research Objectives
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38. The Management-Research Question Hierarchy
Measurement Questions
Investigative Questions
Research Questions
Management Questions
MANAGEMENT
DILEMMA
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39. Management Dilemma The symptom of an actual problem
Not difficult to identify a dilemma, however choosing one to focus on may be difficult.
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40. Management Questions How can management eliminate negative Symptoms?
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41. Research Question
What are the possible courses of action are available with the management to correct the problem.
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42. Investigative Questions
Questions the researcher must answer to satisfactorily arrive at a conclusion about the research question.
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43. Measurement Questions
The questions we actually ask to obtain the information from respondents.
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