1. Title IX at the Collegiate Level
Presented by:

2. Thesis
Title IX at the High School level is necessary because it helps social development.
At the collegiate level, Title IX’s has been the major cause of the degradation of male athletics.
While it does help women’s sports, the costs of Title IX outweigh the benefits

3. Preview Title IX History Impact Key Players Pros and Cons
Survey and Interview
Solutions

4. “No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance,”
(Title IX, 1972)

5. Title IX Equal Opportunity
Goal was to promote woman’s chances in BOTH academic and athletic fields
Is used predominantly for athletics
Applies to any college receiving Federal Financial Aid Assistance
The Three-Prong Test
Prong one - Providing athletic participation proportionate to student enrollment
Prong two - Demonstrate a continual expansion of opportunities
Prong three - Full and effective accommodation of the interest and ability of underrepresented sex

6. History Enacted in 1972, was an Amendment to Civil Rights Act
Original statute made no mention of sports
Biggest impact has been with High School and College sports

7. College Athletics since Title IX
Female Participation has increased; 300,000 in 1971, 2.7 million today
Male participation has dropped 6% and number of teams has decreased 17%

8. Pros Increased female participation in sports at high levels
Higher level of equality between males and females
Provides opportunity for many woman to attend college through scholarships

9. Cons Money is taken away from men’s sports
Colleges have to cut male sports
Decreases competitiveness in woman’s sports
Does not account for different levels of interest

10. Key Players Office of Civil Rights (OCR)
National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA)
Association for Intercollegiate Athletics for Women (AIAW)
Senator John Tower
Congresswoman Patsy T. Mink

11. Office of Civil Rights Sub-agency in U.S. Department of Education
Focuses on protecting Civil Rights and prohibiting discrimination
Responsible for ensuring compliance with Title IX
Russlynn Ali is current head of department

12. National Collegiate Athletic Association
President: Mark. A Emmert
When first established, tried to claim that Title IX was not legal

13. Association for Intercollegiate Athletics for Women
Was the equivalent of the NCAA but for women
Merged with the NCAA in ’80s
Major proponent of Title IX
Grew rapidly along with women’s athletics because of Title IX

14. Senator John Tower Republican Senator for 24 years (1961-1985)
“Tower Amendment”
Wanted to exempt sports that produced a revenue from Title IX

15. Congresswoman Patsy Mink
Democrat
Congresswoman for
13 years ( )
“Mink Amendment”
Focused on firing and hiring of employees in federally funded institutions

16. Survey – Sports in College

17. Survey – Intentions

18. Survey – Carried Out

19. Survey Analysis Males are more interested in sports
While most (of both sex’s) agree with intentions, most also agree it is not carried out in the proper way

20. Interview – Dan Geiger Elementary Phys. Ed. Teacher
Head Varsity Football Coach
Head Throwing Indoor Track Coach
Head Girls Varsity Outdoor Track Coach
Believes that the intentions of Title IX are good, in that providing opportunities for girls is always a good thing, but the way that Title IX has been carried out has destroyed many male collegiate sports.

21. Thesis
Title IX at the High School level is necessary because it helps social development.
At the collegiate level, Title IX’s has been the major cause of the degradation of male athletics.
The costs of Title IX outweigh the benefits

22. Solution
Exempt Collegiate athletics from following Title IX. This would allow the people that pay for, follow, and support the sports decide what sports actually exist.

23. Resources
Weinbach, J. (2007, October 19). Inside College Sports' Biggest Money Machine.       The Wall Street Journal.
Kasic, A., & Schuld, K. (2008). Title IX Undermines Sports Programs.      Greenhaven Press.
Foley, S. (2008). Title IX Hurts Men's Sports.
Wikipedia – Title IX
Wikipedia – Patsy T. Mink
Wikipedia – John Tower
"MINK, Patsy Takemoto, ( )." Biographical Directory of U.S. Congress . N.p., n.d. Web. 11 June <bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=m000797>.

24. - Neal McCluske What Women Want
“But real fairness requires a neutral referee, which political solutions simply can’t provide. Take the government out of the game, however, and colleges and students -- not politicians -- will decide the winner. In other words, abolish Title IX, and let supply and demand take over the referee job”
- Neal McCluske What Women Want