1. Soaps and Detergents B. Sc. III Chemistry
Dr. S. R. Mane
M.Sc. B.Ed. Ph.D.
Associate Prof.& Head,
Dept. of Chemistry,
Smt. K.R.P.Kanya Mahavidyalaya, Islampur

2. 4. Soaps and Detergents Lectures 7
Semester-V Paper-XII
(Industrial Chemistry) 
4. Soaps and Detergents Lectures 7
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Soaps
i. Raw materials,
ii. Types of soaps
iii. Cleaning action of soap
4.3 Manufacture of soap
i. Cold Process
ii. Semi-boiled Process
iii. Boiled or Hot Process
4.3 Detergents
i. Raw Materials
ii. Types of Detergents: Anionic, cationic and amphoteric
4.4 Comparisons between soaps and detergents.

3. INTRODUCTION Soaps And Detergents are used for washing.
It dissolves dirt, but some
dirt will not dissolve in water.
Soaps and detergents help water to remove dirt.

6. Glyceryl Tripalmitate
Saponification
Process of making soap from animal fat or vegetable oil using a base.
CH2 – O – C – (CH2)14CH3
CH – O – C – (CH2)14CH3 O
CH2 – OH
CH – OH O
3 Na+ -OC – (CH2)14CH3 +
3 NaOH +
SOAP MAKING
Saponification is the process of making soap from fat. The chemical reaction for this is shown in the slide.
3 C19H37O NaOH > C18H35O21- Na C3H8O3
glyceryl tristearate (fat) sodium hydroxide sodium stearate (soap) glycerin
Read Chem Matters “Soap Making”
Glyceryl Tripalmitate
(Tripalmitin)
Sodium
hydroxide
Glycerol
3 Sodium Palmitate
(Soap)

7. Sodium Palmitate (Soap)
Chemical formula CH3(CH2)14COOH.
Palmitic acid, or hexadecanoic acid
Most common fatty acid (saturated) found in animals, plants and micro-organisms.

8. Some other examples of soaps
Oleic acid Monounsaturated omega-9 fatty acid
CH3(CH2)7CH=CH(CH2)7COOH.
Occurs naturally in various animal and vegetable fats and oils.
Sodium Oleate (Soap)

9. Sodium Stearate (Soap)

10. Stearic Acid Fatty acid Carboxylic acid group Soap
COO- bonds to a metal ion (Na+)
Na+
H+ lost from COOH
Kelter, Carr, Scott, Chemistry A Wolrd of Choices 1999, page 257

11. Sodium stearate: a soap Sodium dodecyl sulfate: a detergent
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Benjamin Cummings. All rights reserved.

12. Raw Materials for Soap
Tallow- Obtained from cattle, sheep, goat etc. animals.
Olein 40% Stearin 60%.
Soap prepared from tallow alone is hard and
water insoluble.
In order to make it soft and water soluble it is mixed with coconut oil, palm oil, cotton seed oil.
CH2 – O – C – (CH2)7CH=CH-(CH2)7 -CH3
CH – O – C – (CH2)7 CH=CH-(CH2)7 -CH3 O
CH2 – O – C – (CH2)16CH3
CH – O – C – (CH2)16CH3 O
Olein
Unsaturated
Stearin
Saturated

13. Grease or Lard- Obtained from mail pig and smaller domestic
animals.
Olein 60% Stearin 40%.
It is soft like butter. Used for making best quality soap
Coconut oil- Rich in Lauric and Myristic acid
CH3(CH2)10-COOH. Lauric acid CH3(CH2)12-COOH. Myristic acid
Gives hard white soap lathers even in salty water. So used as a marine soap
Palm oil- Toilet soaps Palmitin CH3(CH2)14-COOH
Olein CH3(CH2)7CH=CH(CH2)7COOH.
Castor oil- Trasperent Soaps Ricinolic acid (Hydroxy unsat. Acid)
CH3(CH2)6CH=CH(CH2)7-CH-COOH. OH

14. Linseed oil- soft soaps
Linoleic acid C17H31-COOH
CH3(CH2)4CH=CH-CH2 -CH=CH-(CH2)7-COOH.
Di unsaturated
Cotton seed oil- olein ,stearin and palmitin
Soap lathers freely
Ground nut oil- Large proportion of unsat. Oleic acid so form very soft soap. Therefore it is saturated.
Maize oil- Linoleic and oleic acid
Fatty Acids-
Alkaline Materials

15. Common salt
Other Additives
1 Rosins Plant product obtained from pine tree.
Abietic acid
Modified by hydrogenation, polymarisation
Increases Lathering property.

16. 2 Builders- Increases cleaning capacity,T exture of soap, prevention
of precipitation in hard water.
Sodium metasilicate, Na2SiO3,
Borax-sodium borate
Washing soda
Starch
3Antioxidants- Sodium thiosulphate , EDTA, Sodium hyposulphite
4 Fillers-Magnesium carbonate, chalk
5 Coloring matter
6 Perfumes
7 Fixatives
8 Optical brightners phenyl benzothizole, benzocoumarin

17. Types of soaps 1.Washing Soap 2. Tiolet Soap 3. Shaving Soap
4. Industrial Soap

18. Ads’ and soaps
Among the consumer products aggressively advertised, bath soap’s are in the top of the list. Although, a bath soaps basic function is to clean the body, the advertisements confer exotic qualities to it. Soaps are being advertised as
Beauty soaps - Cinema stars are their brand
ambassadors
Health soaps - Sports person used to sponsor
them
Complexion soaps

19. Deodorant soaps
Freshness soaps
Baby soaps
- Herbal or medicinal soaps

20. None of the advertisements speak of what exactly, goes into the making of such soaps. Can medicated soaps readily cure skin diseases? Are glycerine transparent soaps really gentle to the skin ?
As mentioned earlier soaps are salts particularly sodium or potassium of long chain fatty acids. These carboxylic acids are derived from fatty oils. The principal active cleaning agent is sodium carboxylate.

21. CHEMICAL REACTION:
This is how its done in the lab..!!

22. How does soap clean..
Soap dissolves in water. A soap molecule has a long hydrocarbon End and a short ionic end containing COONa+.The non-ionic hydrocarbon end has the property to repel water. (hydrophobic tail). The ionic end has the property to attract water. This end attaches itself to water.(hydrophilic head). The hydrocarbon end attaches to the dirt or grease to form structures called ‘micelles’

23. See how the dirt is removed..!!

24. Cleaning Action of Soap
Micelle
Timberlake, Chemistry 7th Edition, page 573

25. PRINCIPLE GROUPS OF SYNTHETIC DETERGENTS (SURFACTANTS)
Four main groups of surfactants: anionic, cationic, non-cationic and amphoteric.
1. Anionic Surfactants are compounds in which the detergency is realized in the
anion.R-SO3- Na+ Alkylsulfonates (anionic surfactants)
2. Cationic Surfactants are compounds in which the detergency is in the cation.
R2N+(CH3)2Cl- Dialkyl dimethylammonium chlorides (cationic surfactants)
3.Non-ionic Surfactants contain non-ionic constituents.
RO-(CH2-CH2-O)nH Alkyl poly(ethylene glycol)ethers (non-ionic surfactants)
Amphoteric Surfactants includes both acidic and basic groups in the same molecule.

26. WHAT ARE DETERGENTS?
Detergents are sodium salts of long chain benzene sulphonic acid or sodium salts of long chain alkyl hydrogen sulphate. A detergent molecule consists of a large hydrocarbon group that is non-ionic and a sulphonate (SO3- Na+) or a sulphate (SO4- Na+) group that is ionic.

27. DETERGENT, The king and DIRT, The Slave..!!

28. SOAPS V/S DETERGENTS

30. DISADVANTAGES OF DETERGENTS
Detergents are not bio- degradable. They pollute water and soil.

31. Thanks