1. Chapter 4
Discrete Probability Distributions

2. Chapter Outline 4.1 Probability Distributions
4.2 Binomial Distributions
4.3 More Discrete Probability Distributions .

3. Binomial Distributions
Section 4.2
Binomial Distributions .

4. Section 4.2 Objectives
How to determine whether a probability experiment is a binomial experiment
How to find binomial probabilities using the binomial probability formula
How to find binomial probabilities using technology, formulas, and a binomial table
How to construct and graph a binomial distribution
How to find the mean, variance, and standard deviation of a binomial probability distribution .

5. Binomial Experiments
The experiment is repeated for a fixed number of trials, where each trial is independent of other trials.
There are only two possible outcomes of interest for each trial. The outcomes can be classified as a success (S) or as a failure (F).
The probability of a success, P(S), is the same for each trial.
The random variable x counts the number of successful trials. .

6. Notation for Binomial Experiments
Symbol
Description n
The number of times a trial is repeated
p = P(S)
The probability of success in a single trial
q = P(F)
The probability of failure in a single trial (q = 1 – p) x
The random variable represents a count of the number of successes in n trials: x = 0, 1, 2, 3, … , n. .

7. Example: Binomial Experiments
Decide whether the experiment is a binomial experiment. If it is, specify the values of n, p, and q, and list the possible values of the random variable x.
A certain surgical procedure has an 85% chance of success. A doctor performs the procedure on eight patients. The random variable represents the number of successful surgeries. .

8. Solution: Binomial Experiments
Each surgery represents a trial. There are eight surgeries, and each one is independent of the others.
There are only two possible outcomes of interest for each surgery: a success (S) or a failure (F).
The probability of a success, P(S), is 0.85 for each surgery.
The random variable x counts the number of successful surgeries. .

9. Solution: Binomial Experiments
n = 8 (number of trials)
p = 0.85 (probability of success)
q = 1 – p = 1 – 0.85 = 0.15 (probability of failure)
x = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 (number of successful surgeries) .

10. Example: Binomial Experiments
Decide whether the experiment is a binomial experiment. If it is, specify the values of n, p, and q, and list the possible values of the random variable x.
A jar contains five red marbles, nine blue marbles, and six green marbles. You randomly select three marbles from the jar, without replacement. The random variable represents the number of red marbles. .

11. Solution: Binomial Experiments
Not a Binomial Experiment
The probability of selecting a red marble on the first trial is 5/20.
Because the marble is not replaced, the probability of success (red) for subsequent trials is no longer 5/20.
The trials are not independent and the probability of a success is not the same for each trial. .

12. Binomial Probability Formula
The probability of exactly x successes in n trials is
n = number of trials
p = probability of success
q = 1 – p probability of failure
x = number of successes in n trials
Note: number of failures is n  x .

13. Example: Finding Binomial Probabilities
Microfracture knee surgery has a 75% chance of success on patients with degenerative knees. The surgery is performed on three patients. Find the probability of the surgery being successful on exactly two patients. .

14. Solution: Finding Binomial Probabilities
Method 1: Draw a tree diagram and use the Multiplication Rule .

15. Solution: Finding Binomial Probabilities
Method 2: Binomial Probability Formula .

16. Binomial Probability Distribution
List the possible values of x with the corresponding probability of each.
Example: Binomial probability distribution for Microfacture knee surgery: n = 3, p =
Use binomial probability formula to find probabilities. x 1 2 3
P(x)
0.016
0.141
0.422 .

17. Example: Constructing a Binomial Distribution
In a survey, U.S. adults were asked to give reasons why they liked texting on their cellular phones. Seven adults who participated in the survey are randomly selected and asked whether they like texting because it is quicker than
Calling. Create a binomial probability distribution for the number of adults who respond yes. .

18. Solution: Constructing a Binomial Distribution
56% of adults like texting because it is quicker than calling.
n = 7, p = 0.56, q = 0.44, x = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
P(x = 0) = 7C0(0.56)0(0.44)7 = 1(0.56)0(0.44)7 ≈
P(x = 1) = 7C1(0.56)1(0.44)6 = 7(0.56)1(0.44)6 ≈
P(x = 2) = 7C2(0.56)2(0.44)5 = 21(0.56)2(0.44)5 ≈
P(x = 3) = 7C3(0.56)3(0.44)4 = 35(0.56)3(0.44)4 ≈
P(x = 4) = 7C4(0.56)4(0.44)3 = 35(0.56)4(0.44)3 ≈
P(x = 5) = 7C5(0.56)5(0.44)2 = 21(0.56)5(0.44)2 ≈
P(x = 6) = 7C6(0.56)6(0.44)1 = 7(0.56)6(0.44)1 ≈
P(x = 7) = 7C7(0.56)7(0.44)0 = 1(0.56)7(0.44)0 ≈ .

19. Solution: Constructing a Binomial Distributionx
P(x)
0.0032 1
0.0284 2
0.1086 3
0.2304 4
0.2932 5
0.2239 6
0.0950 7
0.0173
All of the probabilities are between 0 and 1 and the sum of the probabilities is ≈ 1. .

20. Example: Finding Binomial Probabilities Using Technology
The results of a recent survey indicate that 67% of U.S. adults consider air conditioning a necessity. If you randomly select 100 adults, what is the probability that exactly 75 adults consider air conditioning a necessity? Use a technology tool to find the probability. (Source: Opinion Research Corporation)
Solution:
Binomial with n = 100, p = 0.57, x = 75 .

21. Solution: Finding Binomial Probabilities Using Technology
From the displays, you can see that the probability that exactly 75 adults consider air conditioning a necessity is about 0.02. .

22. Example: Finding Binomial Probabilities Using Formulas
A survey indicates that 41% of women in the U.S. consider reading their favorite leisure-time activity. You randomly select four U.S. women and ask them if reading is their favorite leisure-time activity. Find the probability that at least two of them respond yes.
Solution:
n = 4, p = 0.41, q = 0.59
At least two means two or more.
Find the sum of P(2), P(3), and P(4). .

23. Solution: Finding Binomial Probabilities Using Formulas
P(x = 2) = 4C2(0.41)2(0.59)2 = 6(0.41)2(0.59)2 ≈
P(x = 3) = 4C3(0.41)3(0.59)1 = 4(0.41)3(0.59)1 ≈
P(x = 4) = 4C4(0.41)4(0.59)0 = 1(0.41)4(0.59)0 ≈
P(x ≥ 2) = P(2) + P(3) + P(4) ≈
≈ 0.542 .

24. Example: Finding Binomial Probabilities Using Technology
The results of a recent survey indicate that 67% of U.S. adults consider air conditioning a necessity. If you randomly select 100 adults, what is the probability that exactly 75 adults consider air conditioning a necessity? Use a technology tool to find the probability. (Source: Opinion Research Corporation)
Solution:
Binomial with n = 100, p = 0.57, x = 75 .

25. Solution: Finding Binomial Probabilities Using Technology
From the displays, you can see that the probability that exactly 75 adults consider air conditioning a necessity is about 0.02. .

26. Example: Finding Binomial Probabilities Using a Table
About ten percent of workers (16 years and over) in the United States commute to their jobs by carpooling. You randomly select eight workers. What is the probability that exactly four of them carpool to work? Use a table to find the probability. (Source: American Community Survey)
Solution:
Binomial with n = 8, p = 0.10, x = 4 .

27. Solution: Finding Binomial Probabilities Using a Table
A portion of Table 2 is shown
The probability that exactly four of the eight workers carpool to work is .

28. Example: Graphing a Binomial Distribution
Sixty percent of households in the U.S. own a video game console. You randomly select six households and ask each if they own a video game console. Construct a probability distribution for the random variable x. Then graph the distribution. (Source: Deloitte, LLP)
Solution:
n = 6, p = 0.6, q = 0.4
Find the probability for each value of x .

29. Solution: Graphing a Binomial Distributionx 1 2 3 4 5 6
P(x)
0.004
0.037
0.138
0.276
0.311
0.187
0.047
Histogram: .

30. Mean, Variance, and Standard Deviation
Mean: μ = np
Variance: σ2 = npq
Standard Deviation: .

31. Example: Finding the Mean, Variance, and Standard Deviation
In Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, about 56% of the days in a year are cloudy. Find the mean, variance, and standard deviation for the number of cloudy days during the month of June. Interpret the results and determine any unusual values. (Source: National Climatic Data Center)
Solution: n = 30, p = 0.56, q = 0.44
Mean: μ = np = 30∙0.56 = 16.8
Variance: σ2 = npq = 30∙0.56∙0.44 ≈ 7.4
Standard Deviation: .

32. Solution: Finding the Mean, Variance, and Standard Deviation
μ = σ2 ≈ σ ≈ 2.7
On average, there are 16.8 cloudy days during the month of June.
The standard deviation is about 2.7 days.
Values that are more than two standard deviations from the mean are considered unusual.
16.8 – 2(2.7) =11.4; A June with 11 cloudy days or less would be unusual.
(2.7) = 22.2; A June with 23 cloudy days or more would also be unusual. .

33. Section 4.2 Summary
Determined if a probability experiment is a binomial experiment
Found binomial probabilities using the binomial probability formula
Found binomial probabilities using technology, formulas, and a binomial table
Constructed and graphed a binomial distribution
Found the mean, variance, and standard deviation of a binomial probability distribution .