1. The Roman Empire

2. Questions for 2/21 Who made up the Second Triumvirate?
When did the Roman Republic end?
During the rule of emperors, the empire continued to _________ and grant ___________.
What does Pax Romana mean?
How long did the Pax Romana last?

3. Who governed the people during the Pax Romana?
Who was Rome’s first emperor?
What emperor began construction of the Colosseum?
During the Pax Romana, which emperor expanded Rome to its maximum size?

4. The Second Triumvirate was formed in 43 B.C.
Octavian (Julius Caesar’s nephew)
Mark Antony
Marcus Lepidus
They divided the Roman Empire among themselves.
Octavian-Italy and the west
Antony-Greece and the east
Lepidus-North Africa

5. The Roman Republic ended when Octavian became the sole leader and was given the title “Augustus Caesar” and established the rule of emperors.

6. During the rule of emperors, the empire continued to expand and grant citizenship (especially in the northern and eastern parts of Europe)

7. Pax Romana Change from Republic to Empire (lasted the next 500 years)
Pax Romana = “the Roman Peace”
About 200 years (until ~180 A.D.)
Time of prosperity & peace
People were proud to be Romans
Army became world’s most powerful fighting force
Soldiers made roads, bridges, forts, etc.
Empire spread eastward & westward
Emperors govern the people

8. Notable Emperors Caesar Augustus (Octavian) Rome’s first emperor
Brought order and stability to Rome
Created a permanent and professional army
Began police force & fire brigade
Peaceful, trade grew

9. Notable Emperors murdered many people and spent money recklessly
Caligula
murdered many people and spent money recklessly
Cruel & mentally unstable
Declared himself god & tried to make his horse a senator
Bodyguards assassinated him

10. Notable Emperors Claudius Governed effectively
Returned artwork stolen by Caligula
Improved empire conditions
Granted more citizenships
Improved laws

11. Notable Emperors Nero Brutal emperor who killed many people
As terrible as Caligula
Poisoned stepbrother & murdered his wife & mother
After his death, civil war broke out

12. Notable Emperors Vespasian Began the construction of the Colosseum
His sons Titus and Domitian also ruled during an era of growth and prosperity

13. The “Good Emperors” Nerva Trajan
revised taxes, land reforms helped the poor
Trajan
Rome reached it greatest extent during “Pax Romana” when there were no major wars or rebellions ( expanded Roman empire to its maximum size)

14. The “Good Emperors” Hadrian Antonious Plus Marcus Aurelius
Made Roman law easier to understand
Antonious Plus
Enacted laws that helped orphans
Marcus Aurelius
Marcus was greatest
Founded schools, hospitals, lowered taxes, helped the poor
Thought his rule was a moral responsibility

15. Questions for 2/22
What language is the basis for the “Romance Languages?” What are the romance languages?
Latin terms are extensively used in the fields of _________, _____, and ________, with every species of plant and animal given a Latin name.
What achievement allowed the empire to be unified, both for trade and protection?
What were designed to supply fresh water to cities?
What are two things that ancient Romans built that are still functional today?

16. What architectural feature did the Romans use to build higher, more stable structures?
The Romans also were the first to seriously incorporate the use of ________ in their structures.
What was the Colosseum used for?
The combination of these political and cultural features allowed Rome to enjoy a time of _______, __________, and ___________ culminating in the ______ __________, or "Roman Peace."

17. The Roman civilization has had a lasting impact on our world today in terms of language, government, architecture and engineering!

18. Roman Growth
Roman engineering (roads, aqueducts, buildings) help spread their influence to the world
Many cities around the world were founded at this time that still exist (all because of Rome)
Latin is the basis for many current languages
Ex: Italian, French, Spanish, Portuguese, & Romanian

19. Latin
Latin, the language of the Romans, is the basis of the "Romance Languages" (from Roman): Italian, Spanish, French, Portuguese, and Romanian
Even though English developed from Germanic languages, much of its vocabulary is influenced by or comes directly from Latin (examples include et cetera, veto, curriculum)
Latin terms are extensively used in the fields of medicine, law, and science, with every species of plant and animal given a Latin name

20. Architecture and Engineering
In architecture and engineering, the Romans greatly advanced previous accomplishments and were often geared toward solving problems associated with everyday life.

21. Roman Roads
They were made of cement-so strong that some are still used today!
Drainage ditches kept water off of roads
They were in straight lines
“All roads lead to Rome”

22. Roman roads were a significant achievement that allowed the empire to be unified, both for trade and protection.

23. Aqueducts Designed to supply fresh water to cities
Another example of engineering marvels from the Romans

24. Many aqueducts and roads built by the Romans are still functional today, a testament to their engineering prowess (expertise).

25. The Arch
Romans were able to modify the traditional post and lintel construction and develop the arch, which they utilized to build higher, more stable structures, the most famous example being the Coliseum. The arch has a “keystone” or middle stone that helped support the arch.

26. Domes
The Romans also were the first to seriously incorporate the use of domes in their structures.

27. Government & Law Roman Empire grew huge
From Britain & Spain (west) to Iran (east)
Different languages & religions
Able to unite & rule due to common Latin
Traveled Roman roads, used Roman measures, obeyed the laws and were defended by Roman armies

28. Basic principles
The following are basic principles from the Roman Empire that the U.S. still follows today (just review):
All free people have equal rights before the law
A person must be considered innocent until he or she is proven guilty
Accused people should be allowed to face their accusers and defend themselves
Judges must interpret the law and make decisions fairly
People have rights that no government can take away

29. Entertainment Loved to celebrate & entertain!
Plays in theaters, religious ceremonies, fake/real battles
Colosseum: sports arena that could seat 50,000 people
Gladiator fights
Professional fighters or slaves who fought to the death by each other or animals
Very brutal, a bloodbath
“thumbs down” = death by popular opinion
(learn360- gladiators)

32. The combination of these political and cultural features allowed Rome to enjoy a time of peace, prosperity, and expansion culminating in the Pax Romana, or "Roman Peace"

33. Questions for 2/22
What language is the basis for the “Romance Languages?” What are the romance languages?
Latin terms are extensively used in the fields of _________, _____, and ________, with every species of plant and animal given a Latin name.
What achievement allowed the empire to be unified, both for trade and protection?
What were designed to supply fresh water to cities?
What are two things that ancient Romans built that are still functional today?

34. What architectural feature did the Romans use to build higher, more stable structures?
The Romans also were the first to seriously incorporate the use of ________ in their structures.
What was the Colosseum used for?
The combination of these political and cultural features allowed Rome to enjoy a time of _______, __________, and ___________ culminating in the ______ __________, or "Roman Peace."

35. Questions for 2/22
What language is the basis for the “Romance Languages?” What are the romance languages?
Latin terms are extensively used in the fields of _________, _____, and ________, with every species of plant and animal given a Latin name.
What achievement allowed the empire to be unified, both for trade and protection?
What were designed to supply fresh water to cities?
What are two things that ancient Romans built that are still functional today?

36. What architectural feature did the Romans use to build higher, more stable structures?
The Romans also were the first to seriously incorporate the use of ________ in their structures.
What was the Colosseum used for?
The combination of these political and cultural features allowed Rome to enjoy a time of _______, __________, and ___________ culminating in the ______ __________, or "Roman Peace."

37. Questions for 2/22
What language is the basis for the “Romance Languages?” What are the romance languages?
Latin terms are extensively used in the fields of _________, _____, and ________, with every species of plant and animal given a Latin name.
What achievement allowed the empire to be unified, both for trade and protection?
What were designed to supply fresh water to cities?
What are two things that ancient Romans built that are still functional today?

38. What architectural feature did the Romans use to build higher, more stable structures?
The Romans also were the first to seriously incorporate the use of ________ in their structures.
What was the Colosseum used for?
The combination of these political and cultural features allowed Rome to enjoy a time of _______, __________, and ___________ culminating in the ______ __________, or "Roman Peace."