1. Early British History/Beowulf

2. The Celts The Iberians were in Britain (from Portugal and Spain)
The Celts inhabited Great Britain before and during the 4th century B.C.E.
There were many separate Celtic tribes.
Britain known for one: the britons.
The Celts continually were pushed back by both the Romans and the Germanic tribes that later invaded Britain.

3. Celtic Religion The Celts practiced a form of animism.
Latin for “spirit,” believers of animism see spirits in everything—every rock, stream, lightning bolt, tree, etc.
These spirits controlled all of existence and had to be constantly satisfied by sacrifice.
Many historians believe that human sacrifice was not uncommon in Celtic religion.
Celtic priests were called Druids.

4. Wyrd
The Anglo-Saxons did not believe that an individual had the ability to choose his own path. (fatalism)
Instead, they believed in the power of fate (wyrd)

5. Stonehenge
Many believe that Stonehenge was used by Druids for religious rites having to do with the lunar and solar cycles.

6. The Romans Julius Caesar led the first invasion in the year 55 B.C.E.
It was the Emperor Claudius who conquered the Celts 100 years later.
The Romans were able to hold off other invaders for several hundred years.
Romans built up British infrastructure (roads and defensive walls) that is still standing in some parts of Britain.
Christianity begins to take hold.

7. The Romans
If the Romans had stayed, Londoners would be speaking Italian.
However, the Roman Empire was crumbling. The Romans had evacuated Great Britain by C.E. 409.
Romans left behind villas, homes, roads, defensive walls, and public baths—but no central government.
The early Brits were susceptible for an attack.

8. The Anglo-Saxons
The Angles and Saxons from Germany and the Jutes from Denmark invaded the island of Britain after the Romans left in the middle of the fifth century.
These tribes pushed out the old Britons.
Britain was then named Enga land, or England, after the Angles.
Celts put up a great deal of resistance.
Jutes
Angles
Saxons
Celts

9. Alfred the Great and Christianity
Anglo-Saxon Britain was no more unified than it was before.
There were several different principalities.
There were many “kings.”
King Alfred, also known as Alfred the Great, reigned from
Alfred led the united Anglo-Saxons against the Danes, a fierce Viking people who crossed the North Sea.
Alfred the Great also brought scholars into Britain to allow learning to flourish there.

10. 1066
In 1066 the Danes and the Anglo-Saxons were defeated by the Duke of Normandy and his invading force of Normans from northwestern France.
This further changes the language.

11. Anglo-Saxon Life Honor came in winning.
Warfare was an everyday occurrence.
“Fame and success, even survival, were gained only through loyalty to the leader, especially during war, and success was measured in gifts from the leader.”
There was a sense of loyalty to the clan.
“Anglo-Saxons tended to live close to their animals in single-family homesteads, wooden buildings that surrounded a communal court or a warm, fire-lit…hall.”

12. Anglo-Saxon Life The cluster of buildings was surrounded by a fence.
There were community discussions in the chief’s central hall.
Religion:
There was no after-life, despite the Christian influence.
It was heavily influenced by Norse mythology.
The dragon was a constant source of fear for Anglo-Saxons.
Because there was no belief in the after-life, people wanted to live on in legend.

13. Anglo-Saxon Life
Storytellers, scops, were often looked at as equal to warriors. In this oral tradition, the storyteller was the keeper of legends, religion, heroes’ quests, and history. They were revered.
Poets sang to the strumming of a harp
There was a hope to live on in verse.

14. Ireland
Ireland was protected from the Germanic tribes because of the wild seas surrounding it.
St. Patrick (Patricius) converted Ireland to Christianity.
The monks and other religious leaders kept learning alive.
It was in Ireland that Christianity, in the words of Winston Churchill, “burned and gleamed through the darkness.”
Irish monks continued to transcribe histories, legends, and literary pieces.

15. The English Language Old English

16. Beowulf England’s Iliad and Odyssey
First great work of English national literature
It is the “mythical and literary record of a formative stage of English civilization”

17. Beowulf Epic of the heroic sources of English culture
“Bear” (Bee+Wolf)
Beowulf is a Geat from Geatland (now Sweden)
Oral Epic
Epic Devices:
Hospitality codes
Supernatural interventions
Visit to hades
Vast setting
Epic boasting

18. Literary Terms
Epic: a long narrative poem that recounts, in formal language, the exploits of a larger-than-life hero
Epic hero: is usually a man of a high social status and is often important in the history of his people
Alliteration: the repetition of consonant sounds-usually at the beginning of words and in stressed syllables “miserable mighty men tormented by a monster…”
Caesura: an obvious pause in a line of poetry
Found near the middle of a line
Sometimes indicated with slashes or an actual space in the line

19. Literary Terms
Kenning: an imaginative phrase that takes the place of a single noun
Whale-Road (sea)
Life-House (body)

20. Essential Questions Celts ?
1. What was significant about Ireland during the Anglo-Saxon time period? Why is it important in terms of literature?
2. What was the heroic ideal of the Anglo-Saxons?
3. Define wyrd. Why is this significant in Anglo-Saxon culture?
4. Including dates, create a flow chart representing the occupation in Britain starting with Celts.
Language: Varying Languages
Contribution: Pagan Influences/Animism
Celts
Language
Contributions: ?
Language:
Contributions

21. “The Seafarer”
Name
Date
Class
“The Seafarer”
Turn to Page 69

22. “The Seafarer” Handful of elegies: The Exeter Book
Elegy: a serious poem of lament; usually mourning a death or other great loss (last bit of Beowulf)
The Exeter Book
Rare collection of old English poetry; compiled and copied by monks in 900s
Unknown author; some belief that monks changed poem after line 65

23. Seafarer Questions What is the theme of “The Seafarer”?
What is the mood created in lines 1-26?
What are the hardships at sea the speaker describes in lines 1-26?
What part might fate play in the speaker’s attitudes about life at sea?
In line 117—what home is the speaker referring to?

24. Imagery in “The Seafarer”
When referring to imagery, we must discuss all five senses. Complete the chart below by finding quotes in “The Seafarer” that appeal to each of the senses.
Sight
Sound
Smell
Taste
Touch
*Just Quotes*