1. Key Principles, Safety and Common Plumbing Processes
Example of a good
material list identifying
exactly what is required
Poor example of material list. Is compression or solder fitting required? How much copper tube is needed?
Examples of good and bad
estimates
Communication skills
From Plumbing (3rd edition), R.D. Treloar, page 5 Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved:

2. Key Principles, Safety and Common Plumbing Processes
From Plumbing (3rd edition), R.D. Treloar, page 11 Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved:

3. Key Principles, Safety and Common Plumbing Processes
Typical site entry sign
From Plumbing (3rd edition), R.D. Treloar, page 13 Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved:

4. Key Principles, Safety and Common Plumbing Processes
incorrect
(lower back strain)
correct (legs bent and
straight back)
Completed risk assessment forms
Lifting heavy loads
Open boarded trench as
used in stable gound,
and fenced off
Poor working practice climbing on incomplete
scallold, no boots, hard hat not fitted correctly and no high
visibility jacket. An accident waiting to happen!
From Plumbing (3rd edition), R.D. Treloar, page15 Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved:

5. Key Principles, Safety and Common Plumbing Processes
Use the correct and safe
equipment for the job!
Protective clothing
From Plumbing (3rd edition), R.D. Treloar, page 17 Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved:

6. Typical safety signs in place
Key Principles, Safety and Common Plumbing Processes
wear head protection wear eye protection first aid Indication of direction
Mandatory
Safe condition
no smoking pedestrians prohibited risk of electric shock general risk of danger
Prohibition
Hazard
Location of fire alarm Location of fire extinguisher
Fire safety
Typical safety signs in place
From Plumbing (3rd edition), R.D. Treloar, page 19 Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved:

7. COSHH file with appropriate safety information date sheets
Key Principles, Safety and Common Plumbing Processes
COSHH file with appropriate safety information date sheets
From Plumbing (3rd edition), R.D. Treloar, page 21 Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved:

8. Key Principles, Safety and Common Plumbing Processes
1.07mmin 4
75° 1
ladder at the correct
angle, staked and tied
Mobile tower
ensure step ladder
is on a firm base with
legs fully apart.
Do not work off the
top step
Incomplete scaffold (this scaffold system
must not be used until complete and safe)
From Plumbing (3rd edition), R.D. Treloar, page 23 Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved:

9. Typical 110 volt power tools Impulse cartridge-operated nail gun
Key Principles, Safety and Common Plumbing Processes
loose head
Mushroomed head
A piece may break
off and fly into your eye
split shaft
Unprotected file tang
Unsafe and inappropriate use of tools
Typical 110 volt power tools
Impulse cartridge-operated nail gun
From Plumbing (3rd edition), R.D. Treloar, page 25 Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved:

10. Example fire extinguishers
Key Principles, Safety and Common Plumbing Processes
Heat
cream
black
Red
Red
Oxygen
Oxygen
Red
Fuel
Remove any one of these
three factors and the fire
will be extinguished
fire blanket
foam
CO2
Example fire extinguishers
From Plumbing (3rd edition), R.D. Treloar, page 27 Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved:

11. Key Principles, Safety and Common Plumbing Processes
Examples of Regulations and British Standards Governing Plumbing Work
From Plumbing (3rd edition), R.D. Treloar, page 29 Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved:

12. pressure reducing valve
Key Principles, Safety and Common Plumbing Processes
Pipework symbols
direction of
flow
pipe perpenducular
to plan detail
visible pipe
union
flange
capped end
hose
connection
pipe behind duct
drain off cock
straight two
port valve
three port
valve
angled two
port valve
wheel headed
valve
lockshield headed
valve
pipe at
high level
pressure reducing valve
strainer
check valve
draw off
point (tap)
float
operated valve
pipe above
suspended ceiling
gas
water
pressure relief
valve
radiator
heated towel rail
circulating
pump
gas meter
water meter
Sanitary appliances
wash
basin
sink
sink top LH drawer
bidet
WC separate
cistern
bowl
urinal
WC close
coupled
stall urinal
bath
basic identification colour
specific colour
150mm
approx
100mm
approx
150mm
approx
direction of flow
Application of pipe contents identification colours
Identification of pipework
From Plumbing (3rd edition), R.D. Treloar, page 31 Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved:

13. Areas, volumes and capacities
Key Principles, Safety and Common Plumbing Processes
Example 1
Areas (m2)
rectangle
Breadth
0.7m
Length
1.2m
Example 2
Example 3
parallelogram
2 sets of
parallel sides
triangle
Length
1.2m
Length
1.2m
Example 4
Length 3.0m
trapezium
1 set of parallel sides
Distance
0.7m
Circle
Example 5
Radius
0.6m
Example 7
Height
0.6m
Example 6
Height
2.3m
Length
1.2m
Breadth
0.7m
Radius
0.6m
Volumes (m3)
Areas, volumes and capacities
From Plumbing (3rd edition), R.D. Treloar, page 35 Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved:

14. Relative density of materials
Key Principles, Safety and Common Plumbing Processes
Methane
10°C
Butane
4°C
Oil
Cork
1°C
Water
4°C
Gold
Relative density of materials
Maximum density of water (4°C)
Mass/weight and pressure
From Plumbing (3rd edition), R.D. Treloar, page 37 Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved:

15. Key Principles, Safety and Common Plumbing Processes
Intensity of pressure = Head × 9.81
2.5 × 9.81 = kN/m2 .
. . .. .
Total pressure = IoP × Area acted upon
× 0.5 × 0.3 = kN . .
. . ..
2.5m
0.3m
0.5m
Using a pressure gauge to find the
supply pressure
Note: the greater the head
the greater the pressure
15mm
diamter
The pressure at tap ‘A’ is
Much greater than at tap ‘B’
(head gives pressure not volume) A B
Water pressure
From Plumbing (3rd edition), R.D. Treloar, page 39 Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved:

16. Key Principles, Safety and Common Plumbing Processes
Cathode, as taken from a hot storage
vessel, showing signs of corrosion
Fitting showing evidence of
dezincification of brass
From Plumbing (3rd edition), R.D. Treloar, page 45 Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved:

17. Key Principles, Safety and Common Plumbing Processes
Typical extra tools the professional may have
Poor stock of tools, creating
the wrong impression
Well-stocked plumbers’ tool kit
From Plumbing (3rd edition), R.D. Treloar, page 47 Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved:

18. cutters and pipe slices
Key Principles, Safety and Common Plumbing Processes
copper tube
roller cutters
‘stilson’
wrench
free standing
machine
back guide
hand held
bender
fixed rollers
stops
hydraulic
press bender
ram
various
sized
formers
pipe slice
basin
spanner
3 wheel
cutter
link cutters
adjustable
spanner
wrenches and spanners
Pipe cutters
Typical copper tube
cutters and pipe slices
Pipe cutters
chuck
deburring
reamer
Bending equipment
pipe threading machine
Specialist tools for pipework
Hand held drop head die stocks
From Plumbing (3rd edition), R.D. Treloar, page 49 Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved:

19. Specialist leadworking tools Specialist hand tools for sheetwork
Key Principles, Safety and Common Plumbing Processes
flat dresser
bossing
stick
setting-in stick
bossing
mallet
chase
wedge
dummy
step turner
cane
handle
drip plate
Specialist leadworking tools
lead knife
searing
pliers
shave hook
Specialist hand tools for sheetwork
From Plumbing (3rd edition), R.D. Treloar, page 51 Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved:

20. Key Principles, Safety and Common Plumbing Processes
Compression ring
copper liner
grip ring
rubber ring
pipe
low voltage current
to heating element
compression joint
pipe
BS male
iron
thread
push fit joint
insert
push fit joint
Compression, push fit and
fusion joints as used for
polythene and polyethylene
service mains
push fit
joint
allowance
for expansion
fusion welded joint
Push fit joint as used for low pressure waste
pipework
Plastic Pipe and Fittings
Various types of plastic fittings used on high and low pressure pipework
From Plumbing (3rd edition), R.D. Treloar, page 53 Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved:

21. Key Principles, Safety and Common Plumbing Processes
tapered thread
(Crane fitting)
female thread of fittings
as produced by two leading
manufacturers
parallel thread
(GF fitting)
male thread cut onto pipe
with stocks and dies
rubber
Compression ring
stainless steel
backing washer
threaded socket being used
correct order of tightening
bolts on a flange to
prevent distortion
compression coupling being used
Typical selection of low
carbon steel pipe fittings
gasket
union connector
flange joint
longscrew
Low carbon steel pipe and fittings
From Plumbing (3rd edition), R.D. Treloar, page 55 Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved:

22. Key Principles, Safety and Common Plumbing Processes
compression ring
pipe
Non-manipulative
compression fitting
nut
fitting
body
belled
out end
pipe
adapto
pipe
Manipulative compression fitting
Solder ring fitting
End feed solder fitting
Typical selection of copper fittings
solder applied
to fitting
grab ring
22 mm
22 mm
‘O’ ring
22 mm
the above fitting is specified
22 × 15 × 22 (not 22 × 22 × 15)
Typical push fit joint
Copper pipe and fittings
From Plumbing (3rd edition), R.D. Treloar, page 57 Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved:

23. Low carbon steel pipe bending Low carbon steel pipe bending
Key Principles, Safety and Common Plumbing Processes
‘X’
stops
proposed bend
nominal
diameter
of pipe
‘X’
hydraulic
bending
machine
former
centre mark location
for second bend
Hydraulic pipe bender
Forming a 90° bend
required
offset 2
required
offset
pulling 1st bend 1 3
pulling 2nd bend
Low carbon steel pipe bending
Low carbon steel pipe bending
From Plumbing (3rd edition), R.D. Treloar, page 59 Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved:

24. Key Principles, Safety and Common Plumbing Processes
‘X’
Required
offset
Rippling caused
by the roller
being too loose
proposed bend
straight
edge
first bend
Throating caused
by the roller
being too tight
pulling 1st bend
pulling 2nd bend
‘X’
roller
back guide
Forming an offset
Incorrect roller
adjustment
tube stop
straight edge
square
Forming a 90° bend
mark to indicate position of passover
at which to bend when in machine
required distance
of passover
Required
offset
Copper pipe bending
From Plumbing (3rd edition), R.D. Treloar, page 61 Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved:

25. Key Principles, Safety and Common Plumbing Processes
Internal support will be
required when heat bending
copper or plastic pipe
15 mm
dia D
external bending spring
centre line
radius R
Bends pulled with increased Radius
(made using bending springs and heat)
The heat length is found
by 4D × 1.5
4 × 15 × 1.5 = 90 mm
internal bending spring .. .
This section is heated
and the bend pulled
90 mm heat length
Bend pulled with bending machine
(all radius remain the same)
Pipe bending using heat
From Plumbing (3rd edition), R.D. Treloar, page 63 Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved:

26. Typical hard soldered joints
Key Principles, Safety and Common Plumbing Processes
Note: the joint can be made in any
angle as the solder is drawn into
the close fitting surfaces
old fashioned
lead solder joint
capillary
joints
wiped taft
joint
Typical soft
soldered joints
high temperature joints
Made using oxyacetylene
equipment
low temperature joints made
using LPG blowpipe
capillary joints
bronze welded joint
Note: the surface area
between the mating
surfaces does not need
to be as great as that
for soft soldered joints
Examples of hard and soft soldering
Soldering
Typical hard soldered joints
From Plumbing (3rd edition), R.D. Treloar, page 65 Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved:

27. Small port-a-pac Oxyacetylene Welding equipment and safety
Key Principles, Safety and Common Plumbing Processes
welding nozzles available
in various sizes
Saffire DH blowpipe
Model ‘O’ blowpipe
outlet pressure gauge
cylinder contents gauge
flashback arrestor
pressure regulator
blue hose
cylinder outlet valve
nozzle
red hose
blowpipe
spindle
key
cylinders secured
to trolley
Small port-a-pac Oxyacetylene
welding set
hose heck
valves
firefighting
apparatus
at hand
acetylene cylinder
(painted maroon)
oxygen cylinder
(painted black)
Welding equipment and safety
From Plumbing (3rd edition), R.D. Treloar, page 67 Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved:
Standard welding equipment

28. Key Principles, Safety and Common Plumbing Processes
hottest part of flame
carburising flame (excess acetylene)
neutral flame
carburising flame (excess oxygen)
The oxyacetylene flame
nozzle
filler rod
30–40°
60–70°
direction of weld
Leftward welding technique
filler rod
blowpipe is generally directed
from side to side
30–40°
40–70°
direction of weld
Rightward welding technique
filler rod follows the blowpipe
in a circular motion
Welding processes
From Plumbing (3rd edition), R.D. Treloar, page 69 Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved:

29. Key Principles, Safety and Common Plumbing Processes
lap
square butt (for sheet thickness 1–3 mm)
single ‘V’ butt (for sheet thickness 3–6 mm)
double ‘V’ butt
Bronze welded joints
to sheet material
bell joint
bell branch
butt joint
butt branch
reducing joint
Joints to pipe
reducing branch
Bronze welding
From Plumbing (3rd edition), R.D. Treloar, page 71 Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved:
Page 13

30. herringbone design of weld thumbnail design of weld
Key Principles, Safety and Common Plumbing Processes
herringbone design of weld
(straight line of progression
with a fast flame)
thumbnail design of weld
(side to side progression
with a slow flame)
butt weld
upright seam
lap weld
inclined seam
lapped seam up an
inclined plane
section
Vertical welds
(no filler rods used)
filler rod
60 °
30 °
spot tack
2md loading
6 mm
1st loading
tack
12 mm
Lead welding
From Plumbing (3rd edition), R.D. Treloar, page 73 Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved:

31. Key Principles, Safety and Common Plumbing Processes
crutch head
rising spindle
packing gland nut
headgear
packing
jumper
body
washer
Stopcock
wedge shaped gate
non-rising spindle
wheel head
seating
Fullway gatevalve
key to operate valve
Plug cock
(in closed position)
fibre or
metal washer
Disc globe cock
quarter
turn head
valve open
‘O’ rings
valve closed
Ball valve
(typical design used for washing machines etc.)
In-line valves
From Plumbing (3rd edition), R.D. Treloar, page 75 Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved:

32. Mono-block design of mixer taps
Key Principles, Safety and Common Plumbing Processes
headgear
body
jumper
washer
Screwdown bibtap
Automatic closing device
washer
Supatap design
of bibcock
Examples of
terminal fittings
‘O’ ring
washer
backnut
Pillar tap
circlip
non-rising
spindle
Quarter turn
ceramic disc
pillar tap
top disc
turns
fixed disc
‘O’ ring
washer
Drain off
cock
double outlet
water mixes
as it leaves
the spout
single outlet
water mixes
in body of tap
Mono-block design of mixer taps
Terminals valves
From Plumbing (3rd edition), R.D. Treloar, page 77 Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved:

33. Float-operated valves
Key Principles, Safety and Common Plumbing Processes
Note how the water enters cistern
above the valve thus ensuring an
air gap is maintained
seating
Diaphragm type
(torbeck) (BS 1212 pt 4)
equilibrium valves
As the water rises it lifts the
float which transmits the force
to the washer closing off the
supply
washer
split pin
Portsmouth type
Diaphragm ballvalve
(BS 1212 pt 2/3)
lever arm
float
Note: the water pressure acts on
both sides of the washer, therefore
it is in a state of equilibrium
piston
Portsmouth ballvalve
(BS 1212 pt 1)
Float-operated valves
From Plumbing (3rd edition), R.D. Treloar, page 79
Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved:
Page 13