1. Cycle 3 Assessment Review

2. 3.8-How a Bill becomes a Law
Steps to make a law (a bill can die at any step or move on):
A Bill is Introduced-by anyone. Can start in either the House or Senate.
Committee Action-review, research, and revise the bill.
Subcommittee Hearing-if more information is needed.
Debate and Voting-The entire House votes and majority passes it.
Referral to the Senate-same steps.
Conference Committee-resolves any differences between the House and the Senate.
Final Action-After the House and Senate approve, goes to President. Can sign it into law, veto it, or automatically becomes law after 10 days.
Overriding a Veto-Congress can override the President’s veto with a 2/3 vote.

3. 3.8-How a Bill a becomes a Law
Three branches in making a law-
Legislative Branch (Congress)-does most of the work. Looks at bills, debates them, and votes on them.
Executive Branch (President)-vetoes, or signs a bill into law.
Judicial Branch (Supreme Court)-can declare a law unconstitutional.

4. 3.4-Federalism
Federal Powers (Enumerated or Delegated) FED-raise and support an army, coin money, declare war, regulate trade
State Powers (Reserved) S’s-run elections, set up and run schools, marriage, driver’s licenses.
Federal/State Powers (Concurrent)-taxes, establish courts, borrow money.

6. 3.14-Government Services
Local Services-garbage, utilities, parks, local police, school districts
State Services-state troopers, education, licenses
Federal Services-post offices, military, trade
Shared Services-law enforcement, roads, making laws

7. 3.5-Amendment Process How to change the U.S. Constitution-
Hard to change, only lawmakers can-not citizens
Method 1 (worked all 27 times)-2/3 of Congress, 3/4 of state legislatures or (38 states).
Helpful key terms-amendment (a change to the Constitution), ratify (to approve)

8. 3.5-The Amendment Process
Women’s Suffrage-19th Amendment (getting the right to vote)-became a new amendment in 1920.
The Equal Rights Amendment (men and women are equal) has never passed. Gets through the 2/3 but not the 3/4.

9. 3.13-Compare the Florida and U.S. Constitutions
How are the U.S. and Florida Constitutions similar-
Both have Preambles (intros starting with “We the People”)
Both list rights (Bill of Rights and the Declaration of Rights)

10. 3.13-Compare the Florida and U.S. Constitutions
How to pass amendments-
U.S.-2/3 of Congress, 3/4 of states (citizens have zero involvement)
Florida-petition started, citizens vote. Need 60% of voters to agree for a new amendment to pass.

11. 3.7-Voting Rights Amendments
The Constitution is a “living document” that can be changed. It was made to have additions added (amendments) over time. It is a complicated and lengthy process, but it can be done.
Amendments-
14th-all men can vote, 21 +
15th-Can’t deny the right to vote based on race
19th-Women’s Suffrage-long struggle.
24th-No more poll taxes (paying to vote for African Americans)
26th-18+ can vote

12. 3.10-Sources/Types of Laws
Civil Laws-disputes, disagreements. Ex-divorce, wills, contracts, injury, property, etc..
Criminal Laws-crimes
Constitutional Laws-no law can violate the Constitution. It’s the supreme law of the land.
Military Laws-have to do with soldiers/military.

13. 3.11-Courts Original Jurisdiction-first to hear a case
Appeal/Appellate-any party dissatisfied with the judgment of a case.
Florida Level
Florida Supreme Court (highest level-7 justices, hear appeals)
Florida District Courts of Appeals (panel of 3 judges, hear appeals)
Florida Circuit Courts (judge/jury, majority of cases start here)
Florida County Courts-(one judge, minor cases)

14. 3.11-Courts Federal Level (U.S.)
U.S. Supreme Court (highest level, 9 justices)
U.S. Circuit Courts of Appeal (panel of 3 judges, hear appeals)
U.S. District Courts (first level, judge/jury)

15. 2.5-Individual Rights
Clear and Present Danger-does the speech create a dangerous situation?
Fighting words-create a violent situation?
Libel-information false or misleading?
Obscene Material-inappropriate material?
Conflict with Government Interests-limit speech due to national security.

16. 3.6-Constitutional Rights
Eminent Domain-gov. can buy property for public use. Offer must be fair. (5th Amendment)
Civil Disobedience-disobeying the law, standing up for what you think is right. (Right to Assembly-1st Amendment)
Forced Internment-Japanese during WWII. (War vs. Individual Rights-rights can be limited)

17. 3.12-Landmark Supreme Court Cases
Marbury v. Madison-Judicial Review (Supreme Court/Judicial Branch can declare actions of the other branches unconstitutional)
Plessy v. Ferguson-Train cars (Separate but equal is allowed)
Brown v. Board of Education-little girl going to school. No more segregated schools.
Gideon v. Wainwright-poor man denied a lawyer. Can get a lawyer now, even if can’t afford one.

18. 3.12-Landmark Supreme Court Cases
Miranda v. Arizona-man confessed to police. Police must say your rights.
In re Gault-boy making prank phone calls. Minors get rights like adults when accused of a crime.
Tinker v. Des Moines-twins wearing arm bands, protesting the war. Kids have freedom of speech in school.

19. 3.12-Landmark Supreme Court Cases
Hazelwood v. Kuhlmeier-school newspaper, in school your 1st amendment rights are limited.
U.S. v. Nixon-president not above the law, doesn’t have executive privilege.
Bush v. Gore-super close election, Supreme Court declared a winner of FL. No more recounts.
District of Columbia v. Heller-right to bear arms.