1. The Digestive System

2. Combining Forms Append/o appendix Appendic/o appendix Col/o colon
Dent/o teeth
Enter/o intestine
Esophag/o esophagus
Gastr/o stomach
Gingiv/o gums
Gloss/o tongue
Hepat/o liver
Lingu/o tongue
Myc/o fungus
Odont/o teeth
Or/o mouth
Proct/o anus/ rectum
Sial/o saliva
Stomat/o mouth

3. Prefixes
A- / an- without or not Dia- through, across Dys- bad, painful, difficult Endo- within Hyper- excessive, above, more Hypo- below, under, less Ortho- straight Sub- below

4. Suffixes
-al pertaining to -algia pain -dynia pain -ectomy removal of -emesis vomiting -ist specialist -itis inflammation -logist specialist in the study -megaly enlargement
-oma tumor -orexia appetite -osis abnormal condition -pathy disease -pepsia digestion -phagia swallowing -plasty surgical repair -rrhea flow or discharge -scope instrument to view -scopy to view

5. Abbreviations / Terms GI gastrointestinal
Defecation removal of solid waste from the body
Deglutition swallowing
Emulsification breakdown of large lipid molecules into smaller ones
Haustral Churning muscular contraction pushing matter into next pouch
Maceration churning within the stomach to soak bolus in enzymes
Mastication chewing
Peristalsis wave-like motion

6. The Basic Functions of the Digestive System
Ingestion-taking nutrients into the body, i.e., eating
Digestion-the mechanical and chemical breakdown of food into a usable form
Absorption-the movement of molecules through the mucosal lining of the stomach and small intestine, and into the blood
Excretion-the removal of solid waste (feces) from the body

7. The Digestive Organs Mouth Pharynx Esophagus Stomach Small Intestines
Large Intestines
Rectum
Anus

9. Mouth Ingestion- eating Mechanical digestion Chemical digestion
Teeth
Mastication
Chemical digestion
Salivary glands- secrete salivary amylase
digestion of carbohydrates begins
Mechanical +Chemical digestion
Softens food and creates a bolus (semi-solid food lump)

10. Teeth (accessory organ)
Four types of teeth
Incisors- front 4 top and bottom
Cuspids- also known as canines for their pointed shape
Bicuspids- also known as premolars and have a flattened crown
Molars- back teeth for crushing and grinding food
“typical” tooth parts
Crown/neck/root- from top to bottom
Enamel/dentin/pulp- from outside in
Gingiva- gums
Peridontal ligament/cementum- hold teeth to jaw

12. Pharynx (throat)
Deglutition
A passageway for food, liquids, and air

13. Esophagus Muscular tube located behind the trachea
About 10 inches long
Peristalsis
Transports bolus from the pharynx to the stomach

14. Stomach J-shaped pouch located below the diaphragm
Fundus
Rugue
Sphincter
Mechanical digestion
Maceration
Chemical digestion
gastric juice secretion
Hydrochloric acid- breaks down bolus into chyme (liquefied food mixed with enzymes)
Pepsin- breaks down protein

16. Small Intestines Mechanical digestion Chemical digestion
Peristalsis continues
Absorption of nutrients is highly active
Chemical digestion
Bile- made in the liver, stored in the gallbladder; emulsifies fat
Trypsin- made in pancreas to break down protein
Amylase- made in pancreas to break down carbohydrates
Lipase- made in pancreas to break down fats
Three divisions of the small intestines:
Duodenum – first portion of the small intestine where the majority of chemical digestion occurs.
Jejunum – middle portion of the small intestine where the majority of absorption of nutrients occurs.
Ileum – final portion of where absorption occurs.

18. Large Intestines Also called the colon Mechanical digestion
Cecum
Ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon
Rectum
Anus
Mechanical digestion
Haustral churning
Absorption- water, vitamins, electrolytes, production of vitamin K; changes chyme to feces

20. Rectum
The last portion of the large intestine which functions as a temporary storage of solid wastes before excretion

21. Anus
The final portion of the rectum
Mechanical digestion
Defecation

23. Diseases and Disorders of the Digestive System

24. Colon Cancer
Most of the cancers of the large intestine are believed to have developed from polyps (benign tumors).
Cancer of the colon and rectum, also called colorectal cancer can invade and damage adjacent tissues and organs.
Symptoms include fatigue, weakness, shortness of breath, change in bowel habits including diarrhea or constipation, red or dark blood in stool, weight loss, abdominal pain, cramps, or bloating.
Surgery is the most common treatment for colon cancer.

25. Chron’s Disease
Chron’s disease is an ongoing disorder that causes inflammation of the digestive tract.
The disease can affect any area of the GI tract, from the mouth to the anus, but it most commonly affects the lower part of the small intestine, the ileum.
The swelling extends deep into the lining of the affected organ.
The swelling can cause pain and can make the intestines empty frequently, resulting in diarrhea.
Chron’s disease may be caused by an abnormally functioning immune system.
Treatment includes prescription medications, nutritional supplements, surgery, or a combination of these.
There is no cure.

26. Celiac Disease
Celiac disease is a digestive disease that damages the small intestine and interferes with absorption of nutrients from food.
People who have celiac disease cannot tolerate a protein called gluten, found in wheat, rye, and barley.
When people with celiac disease eat foods or use products that contain gluten, their immune system responds by damaging the small intestine.
Celiac disease is an autoimmune disease that is genetic.
The most common symptoms include pain in the digestive system or other parts of the body.
The only know treatment is a gluten-free diet.

27. Appendicitis
Appendicitis, inflammation of the appendix, is the most common surgical disease.
It results from the obstruction of the opening to the appendix by a mass, stricture or infection.
Symptoms of appendicitis include generalized abdominal pain, pain localized in the lower right abdomen, nausea, vomiting, possibly fever, and an elevated white blood cell count.
Treatment involves the removal of the appendix and antibiotics.

28. Inguinal Hernia
Inguinal hernias occur when a part of the intestine protrudes through a weak point or tear in the abdominal wall.
This protrusion creates a bulge which can be painful.
Some inguinal hernias occur at birth when the abdominal lining does not close properly.
Other inguinal hernias occur later in life when muscles weaken or deteriorate.
The most common treatment is surgery.