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English Grammar Parts of Speech
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Nine Parts of Speech articles Interjections Nouns Verbs Pronouns
Adjectives Adverbs Prepositions Conjunctions
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A NOUN is a word that names
A Person (Proper) A Place (Proper) A Thing (Common) An Idea, feeling (Abstract) A collection of things (collective) A combination of two things (compound)
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Some clues You can identify a noun (and pronoun) if it is preceded by a, the, a preposition (to, by, with) a possessive adjective (his, their, her) Common endings for nouns: -ness,- tion, -y, -ment, -eity, -er, trix, tive, ory,
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You can make nouns out of the following words
dominate domination confess confession referee Referee / reference excite excitement happy happiness correct correction deliberate Deliberation.
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A word that expresses action or expresses a state of being
The Verb A word that expresses action or expresses a state of being Verbs of being Action Verb of doing
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Every sentence must have
a finite verb
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Kinds of Verbs Action verbs express mental or physical action.
‘Verbs to be’ make a statement by connecting the subject with a word that describes or explains it. He rode the horse to victory. He is Dutch.
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Am, is , are, were, was, have been, will be ,
REMEMBER!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Am, is , are, were, was, have been, will be , WHEN THEY ARE ALONE, ARE ALL FINITE VERBS (they are only auxiliary verbs when they exist with another verb in a sentence)
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He, she, I, who, they, we, are always subjects
TO FIND A SUBJECT ASK “WHO” OR “WHAT” BEFORE THE VERB. JOHN RODE HIS BICYCLE “WHO” OR “WHAT” RODE THE BICYCLE? ANSWER = JOHN JOHN IS THE SUBJECT OF THE SENTENCE He, she, I, who, they, we, are always subjects
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THE FINITE VERB A SUBJECT NUMBER TENSE (SINGULAR OR PLURAL)
THE FINITE VERB MUST HAVE: A SUBJECT NUMBER (SINGULAR OR PLURAL) TENSE (PAST, PRESENT, FUTURE)
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He schemes about over throwing the government
INTRANSITIVE VERBS Do not take a direct object. He schemes about over throwing the government Transitive verbs take a direct object He schemes with Simon about trying to overthrow the government SIMON IS THE DIRECT OBJECT!
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Superham might have helped us if he had been quick enough
AUXILIARY VERBS Auxiliary verbs help to form the main verb. They give the TENSE TO THE VERB. May, might, should, could, will, shall, have, had, can, could have, should have Superham might have helped us if he had been quick enough
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The MOOD OF THE VERB Indicative Imperative Subjunctive
Expresses fact or provides information Imperative Expresses instructions or commands Subjunctive Is used when something is unlikely or to express a wish, doubt or uncertainty
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The Pronoun The pronoun is a word used in place of one or more nouns.
It may stand for a person, place, thing, or idea. Personal Pronouns I, me, mine you, your, yours she, her, hers, we,us, our, ours it, its they, them, their, theirs myself yourself Indefinite Pronouns Anybody Each everyone none someone, one, etc. Demonstrative Pronouns this that these those Interrogative Pronouns who whom what which whose Relative Pronouns That, who, which
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The Adjective Which? What kind? How many? Answers these questions:
Qualifies or describes a noun or pronoun. Answers these questions: Did you lose your address book? Which? Is that a wool sweater? What kind? Just give me five minutes. How many?
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Types of Adjectives Descriptive adjective (what kind?) – describe the noun Proper adjective – proper nouns used as adjective Adjectives of quantity (how many?) – two/many/several/few children Adjective of order (position) – he came first/second/third in the race Demonstrative adjective (which one?) - this/that book Possessive adjective (belonging to) – my/his/her/our computer Interrogative adjective (which one?) – which/what/whose lesson Compound adjective – adjectives joined by a HYPHEN
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The Adverb How? When? Where? Modifies or describes
a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. Answers the questions: How? He ran quickly. When? She left yesterday. We went there. Where? It was too hot! To what degree or how much?
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The Preposition A preposition introduces a noun or pronoun
or a phrase or clause functioning in the sentence as a noun. The word or word group that the preposition introduces is its object. They received a postcard from Bobby telling about his trip to Canada.
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The preposition never stands alone!
noun object of preposition preposition pronoun object You can press those leaves under glass. preposition can have more than one object Her telegram to Nina and Ralph brought good news. object can have modifiers It happened during the last examination.
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TYPES OF CONJUNCTIONS Co-ordinating, conjunctions Sub-ordinating
The relative pronoun used as a conjunction
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Co-ordinating conjunctions
And, but, yet, or, nor The happy and rich man danced and he raised a glass of champagne. Joins two things that are alike.
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Subordinating conjunctions
if, when, though, although, then, after, because, so that, even, unless The clown will fall because he is not in a stable position. Links two clauses of unequal status
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The interjection is an exclamatory word that expresses emotion
Goodness! What a cute baby! Wow! Look at that sunset!
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