1. Splash Screen

2. Section 1: World Population Section 2: Global Cultures
Introduction
Section 1: World Population
Section 2: Global Cultures
Section 3: Political and Economical Systems
Section 4: Resources, Trade, and the Environment
Visual Summary
Chapter Menu

3. A study of the human world—population, culture, political and economic systems, and resources—will help you understand events in the world around you.
Chapter Intro 1

4. Section 1: World Population
The characteristics and distribution of human populations affect physical and human systems. Population growth and distribution influence where people live and how they change the natural environment.
Chapter Intro 2

5. Section 2: Global Cultures
The characteristics and distribution of cultures influence human systems. The spatial interaction of cultures can spread new ideas, establish trading relationships, cause wars, and build political partnerships.
Chapter Intro 3

6. Section 3: Political and Economic Systems
Cooperation and conflict among people influence the division and control of Earth’s surface. Political and economic systems provide the organization and power for groups of people to control Earth’s surface.
Chapter Intro 4

7. Section 4: Resources, Trade, and the Environment
Changes occur in the use, distribution, and importance of natural resources. People are dependent on the world’s natural resources for survival, but certain economic activities can threaten humans’ future access to these resources.
Chapter Intro 5

8. Chapter Preview-End

9. World Population
Population growth and distribution influence where people live and how they change the natural environment.
Section 1-GTR

10. World Population death rate doubling time population distribution
population density
birthrate
natural increase
migration
demographic transition
Section 1-GTR

11. World Population
trend
community
negative
Section 1-GTR

12. World Population A. Hungary B. Germany C. Canada D. Bangladesh
E. Mexico City
Section 1-GTR

13. World Population Which continent contains most of the world’s people?
A. Europe
B. Asia
C. Africa A B C
Section 1

14. Population Growth
Population growth varies from country to country and is influenced by cultural ideas, migration, and level of development.
Nearly 6.5 billion people now live on Earth, inhabiting about 30 percent of the planet’s land.
Global population is growing rapidly and is expected to reach 9 billion by the year 2050.
Section 1

15. Population Growth (cont.)
The Demographic Transition
The demographic transition model uses birthrates and death rates to show changes in the population trends of a country or region.
Most of the industrialized and technologically developed countries have reached zero population growth, in which the birthrate and death rate are equal.
The Demographic Transition Model
Section 1

16. Population Growth (cont.)
Rapid population growth presents many challenges to the global community:
difficulty producing enough food to feed everyone
a shortage of resources
an uneven distribution of age
Section 1

17. Population Growth (cont.)
Countries, such as Hungary and Germany, have experienced negative population growth, in which the annual death rate exceeds the annual birthrate.
Section 1

18. C. New varieties of crops D. All of the above
Which of the following will help with problems due to rapid population growth?
A. Fertilizers
B. Irrigation systems
C. New varieties of crops
D. All of the above A B C D
Section 1

19. Population Distribution
World population distribution is uneven and is influenced by migration and the Earth’s physical geography.
Almost everyone on Earth lives on a little less than one-third of the planet’s land.
Section 1

20. Population Distribution (cont.)
Population Density
To determine population density in a country, geographers divide the total population of the country by its total land area.
This does not account for uneven population distribution.
World Population Density
Section 1

21. Population Distribution (cont.)
Population Movement
Many people are moving to urban areas.
The primary cause of urbanization is the desire of rural people to find jobs and a better life in more prosperous urban areas.
Population movement also occurs between countries.
Urban Growth in Selected Cities
Section 1

22. Which country has one of the highest population densities in the world?
A. Bangladesh
B. Canada
C. Sweden
D. China A B C D
Section 1

23. Section 1-End

24. Global Cultures
The spatial interaction of cultures can spread new ideas, establish trading relationships, cause wars, and build political partnerships.
Section 2-GTR

25. Global Cultures culture cultural diffusion culture hearth
language family
ethnic group
culture region
similar
major
Section 2-GTR

26. Global Cultures A. Egypt B. Iraq C. Pakistan D. China E. Mexico
Section 2-GTR

27. Global Cultures When studying a culture, what areas are looked at?
A. Language and religion
B. Daily life, history, and art
C. All of the above A B C
Section 2

28. Elements of Culture
Geographers divide the Earth into culture regions, which are defined by the presence of common elements such as language and religion.
A particular culture can be understood by looking at the following elements:
Language
Religion
World Language Families
Section 2

29. Elements of Culture (cont.)
Social Groups
Government and Economy
Culture Regions
World Culture Regions
Section 2

30. Groups of people ranked according to ancestry, wealth, education, or other criteria fall under which term?
A. Social group
B. Social class
C. Ethnic group A B C
Section 2

31. Cultural Change
Internal and external forces change cultures over time.
The Agricultural Revolution
The shift from hunting and gathering food to producing food is known as the Agricultural Revolution.
Some of the farming villages evolved into civilizations.
Section 2

32. Cultural Change (cont.)
The world’s first civilizations arose in culture hearths.
The most influential culture hearths developed in areas that make up the modern countries of:
Egypt
Iraq
Pakistan
China
Mexico
World Culture Hearths
Section 2

33. Cultural Change (cont.)
They have certain geographic features in common:
Mild climate
Fertile land
Located near a major river or source of water
Section 2

34. Cultural Change (cont.)
Cultural contact among different civilizations promoted cultural change as ideas and practices spread through trade and travel.
Section 2

35. Cultural Change (cont.)
Industrial and Information Revolutions
In the late 1700s and 1800s some countries experienced the Industrial Revolution, which led to social changes.
At the end of the 1900s, the information revolution opened doors for experiencing new cultures.
Section 2

36. Which of the following “set the stage for the rise of cities and civilizations”?
A. Nomadic hunting
B. Housing
C. Surplus food
D. Military power A B C D
Section 2

37. Section 2-End

38. Political and Economical Systems
Political and economic systems provide the organization and power for groups of people to control Earth’s surface.
Section 3-GTR

39. Political and Economical Systems
unitary system
democracy
traditional economy
market economy
mixed economy
command economy
federal system
autocracy
monarchy
oligarchy
Section 3-GTR

40. Political and Economical Systems
unique
authority
assembly
Section 3-GTR

41. Political and Economical Systems
A. United States
B. Saudi Arabia
C. United Kingdom
D. China
E. Vietnam
Section 3-GTR

42. Political and Economic Systems
An oligarchy is a government ruled by what?
A. A few individuals
B. A single individual
C. Many individuals A B C
Section 3

43. Features of Government
Territory, population, and sovereignty influence levels and types of governments in countries around the world.
Levels of government
Most countries have several levels of government, ranging from the national level to the village level.
Section 3

44. Features of Government (cont.)
Two types of government systems are:
Unitary—the United Kingdom and France use this system.
Federal—the United States, Canada and Switzerland are three of many countries that use this system.
Section 3

45. Features of Government (cont.)
All governments belong to one of three major groups:
Autocracy—rule by one person
A monarchy is another form of autocratic government.
Oligarchy—rule by a few people
Democracy—rule by many people
Section 3

46. Which form of government do you feel works best and why?
A. Autocracy
B. Oligarchy
C. Democracy A B C
Section 3

47. Economic Systems
The three major economic systems are traditional economy, market economy, and command economy.
All economic systems must make three basic economic decisions:
What and how many goods and services should be produced
Section 3

48. Economic Systems (cont.)
How should they be produced
Who gets the goods and services that are produced
These decisions are made differently in the three major economic systems:
Traditional—habit and custom determine the rules.
Market—this economy is based on free enterprise, the idea that private individuals or groups have the right to own property or businesses and make a profit with only limited government interference.
Section 3

49. Economic Systems (cont.)
Most market economies are actually mixed economies.
Command—the government controls the economy is this system.
Section 3

50. Economic Systems (cont.)
Two types of command economies:
Communist—strict government control of the entire society
Socialist—three main goals of this type of economy:
An equitable distribution of wealth and economic opportunity
Society’s control, through its government, makes decisions about public goods.
Public ownership of services and factories that are essential.
Section 3

51. Capitalism is another term for which type of economy? A. Traditional
B. Market
C. Command A B C
Section 3

52. Section 3-End

53. Resources, Trade, and the Environment
Although people are dependent on the world’s natural resources for survival, certain economic activities can threaten humans’ future access to these resources.
Section 4-GTR

54. Resources, Trade, and the Environment
natural resource
developing country
free trade
pollution
industrialization
developed country
newly industrialized country
Section 4-GTR

55. Resources, Trade, and the Environment
ensure
benefit
conduct
Section 4-GTR

56. Resources, Trade, and the Environment
A. Malaysia
B. European Union
Section 4-GTR

57. Resources, Trade, and the Environment
Geographers and economists classify the world’s economic activities into how many types?
A. Eight
B. Two
C. Four A B C
Section 4

58. Resource Management
Natural resources must be managed to ensure future needs.
Because fossil fuels, such as coal and oil, and other nonrenewable resources cannot be replaced, they must be conserved.
Section 4

59. Resource Management (cont.)
Alternative energy sources:
Hydroelectric power
Solar energy
Nuclear energy
The Global Economy
Section 4

60. A B C D Which is a renewable resource? A. Oil B. Minerals C. Coal
D. Sun A B C D
Section 4

61. Economies and World Trade
Countries with varying levels of economic development have become increasingly interdependent through world trade.
Geographers and economists classify all of the world’s economic activities into four types:
Primary economic activities—taking or using natural resources directly from the Earth
Section 4

62. Economies and World Trade (cont.)
Secondary economic activities—raw materials are used to produce something new and more valuable.
Tertiary economic activities—provide services to people and businesses
Quaternary economic activities—the processing, management, and distribution of information
The Global Economy
Section 4

63. Economies and World Trade (cont.)
Factors affecting trade:
The unequal distribution of natural resources
Differences in labor costs
Differences in education levels
Section 4

64. Economies and World Trade (cont.)
Barriers to trade:
Tariffs
Embargos
A quota on the quantity of a product that can be imported from a country
Many governments around the world have moved toward free trade.
World Economic Trends
Section 4

65. Manufacturing automobiles would fall under with type of economic activity?
A. Primary
B. Secondary
C. Tertiary
D. Quaternary A B C D
Section 4

66. People and the Environment
Economic activities have led to environmental pollution.
The water, land, and air have all been polluted due to human activity.
When humans harm natural ecosystems, they are also hurting themselves.
Section 4

67. A B C D What is a solution to our pollution problems?
A. Plant more trees
B. Reduce chemical spills
C. Alternative fueled cars
D. All of the above A B C D
Section 4

68. Section 4-End

69. World Population
Population growth increased rapidly, but unevenly throughout the twentieth century and into the twenty-first century.
The world’s population is unevenly distributed. Large numbers of people are migrating from rural areas to cities for jobs or to escape famine and war.
As people become more mobile, so do goods. Countries trade to gain access to resources they lack.
VS 1

70. Geographers divide the Earth into specific culture regions.
World Culture
Language, religion, social groups, government, and economic activities define cultures.
Geographers divide the Earth into specific culture regions.
Trade, migration, war, and technology can change cultures.
The world’s first civilizations arose in culture hearths in Central America, Africa, and Asia.
VS 2

71. Government and Economic Systems
Governments may be organized as a unitary system, a federal system, or a confederation.
An autocracy, an oligarchy, and a democracy differ in the way they exercise authority.
The three major economic systems are traditional economy, market economy, and command economy.
The type of economic system helps determine how a country will view international trade. Market economies are more open to free trade, while command economies are likely to put up trade barriers.
VS 3

72. VS-End

73. Figure 1

74. Figure 2

75. Figure 3

76. Figure 4

77. Figure 5

78. Figure 6

79. Figure 7

80. Figure 8

81. DFS Trans 1

82. DFS Trans 2

83. DFS Trans 3

84. DFS Trans 4

85. death rate
the number of deaths per year for every 1,000 people
Vocab1

86. birthrate
the number of births per year for every 1,000 people
Vocab2

87. natural increase
the growth rate of a population; the difference between birthrate and death rate
Vocab3

88. migration
the movement of people from place to place
Vocab4

89. demographic transition
the model that uses birthrates and death rates to show changes in the population trends of a country or region
Vocab5

90. doubling time
the number of years it takes a population to double in size
Vocab6

91. population distribution
the pattern of population in a country, a continent, or the world
Vocab7

92. population density
the average number of people in a square mile or square kilometer
Vocab8

93. culture
way of life of a group of people who share beliefs and similar customs
Vocab9

94. language family
group of related languages that have all developed from one earlier language
Vocab10

95. ethnic group
group of people who share common ancestry, language, religion, customs, or combination of such characteristics
Vocab11

96. culture region
division of the Earth based on a variety of factors, including government, social groups, economic systems, language, or religion
Vocab12

97. cultural diffusion
the spread of new knowledge and skills from one culture to another
Vocab13

98. culture hearth
a center where cultures developed and from which ideas and traditions spread outward
Vocab14

99. unitary system
a government in which all key powers are given to the national or central government
Vocab15

100. federal system
form of government in which powers are divided between the national government and the state or provincial government
Vocab16

101. autocracy
government in which one person rules with unlimited power and authority
Vocab17

102. monarchy
a form of autocracy with a hereditary king or queen exercising supreme power
Vocab18

103. oligarchy system of government in which a small group holds power
Vocab19

104. democracy
any system of government in which leaders rule with consent of the citizens
Vocab20

105. traditional economy
a system in which tradition and custom control all economic activity; exists in only a few parts of the world today
Vocab21

106. market economy
an economic system based on free enterprise, in which businesses are privately owned, and production and prices are determined by supply and demand
Vocab22

107. mixed economy
a system of resource management in which the government supports and regulates enterprise through decisions that affect the marketplace
Vocab23

108. command economy
system of resource management in which decisions about production and distribution of goods and services are made by a central authority
Vocab24

109. natural resource
substance from the earth that is not made by people but can be used by them
Vocab25

110. industrialization
transition from an agricultural society to one based on industry
Vocab26

111. developed country
country that has a great deal of technology and manufacturing
Vocab27

112. newly industrialized country
a country that has begun transitioning from primarily agricultural to primarily manufacturing and industry activity
Vocab28

113. developing country country in the process of becoming industrialized
Vocab29

114. free trade
the removal of trade barriers so that goods can flow freely between countries
Vocab30

115. pollution
the existence of impure, unclean, or poisonous substances in the air, water, or land
Vocab31

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