1. October 17, 2016
Joints

2. Joints Joints occur where two or more bones join
together, or articulate
Functions:
Hold bones together
Allow motion
The structure of the joint determines the type and range of motion allowed

3. Types of Joints Fibrous Joints Bones joined by fibrous tissue
The fibers of syndesmoses are longer than the fibers of sutures – allowing syndesmoses to have slight movement
Fibrous Joints
Bones joined by fibrous tissue
Essentially immovable
Examples: sutures, syndesmoses
Syndesmoses at distal tibiofibular joint

4. Types of Joints Cartilaginous Joints Bones are connected by cartilage
Immovable or slightly moveable
Examples:
Slightly moveable
immoveable

5. Types of Joints Synovial Joints
Bones are connected by a joint cavity containing synovial fluid
‘freely’ moveable

6. Synovial Joint Structure
Structures which facilitate movement
Articular cartilage lines the ends of the bones, reducing friction
Synovial membrane lines the
inside of the joint capsule,
reducing friction
Synovial fluid fills the joint
cavity, reducing friction and
acting as a shock absorber

7. Synovial Joint Structure
Structures which hold the bones together
Joint capsule made of fibrous
connective tissue surrounds
ends of bones
Ligaments made of dense
connective tissue connect the
two bones are reinforce the
joint capsule

8. Think, Pair, Share Older scholar …
What are the two functions of joints?
What would happen if the synovial membrane became inflamed?
Younger scholar …
What special features give synovial joints the greatest freedom of movement?
What would happen if articular cartilage wore away?

9. Types of Synovial Joints
The shape of synovial joints determines the allowable movements.
Plane joints
Sliding movement
Can move short
distances only
Ex: the vertebral
arches
Vertebrae are both synovial joints AND cartilaginous joints. The bodies are connected by cartilaginous joints while the arches are connected by synovial joints.

10. Types of Synovial Joints
The shape of synovial joints determines the allowable movements.
Pivot joints
rotational movement
Ex: the radioulnar
joint

11. Types of Synovial Joints
The shape of synovial joints determines the allowable movements.
Hinge Joints
allow flexion /
extension
Ex: humeroulnar
joint
No rotation!

12. Types of Synovial Joints
The shape of synovial joints determines the allowable movements.
Saddle Joints
allow side-to-side
AND back-and-forth
motion
Both bones have
concave and convex
areas
Ex: carpometacarpal
joint of thumb
No rotation! Saddle joints and condyloid joints have same motion, but different bone shapes

13. Types of Synovial Joints
The shape of synovial joints determines the allowable movements.
Condyloid Joints (aka Ellipsoid)
allow side-to-side
AND back-and-forth
motion
One bone is convex
and fits inside the
other, concave bone
Ex:
atlanto-occipital joint
No rotation! Saddle joints and condyloid joints have same motion, but different bone shapes

14. Types of Synovial Joints
The shape of synovial joints determines the allowable movements.
Ball-and-socket joints
allow side-to-side
AND back-and-forth
motion AND rotation
Ex: shoulder
(humerus – scapula)
No rotation! Saddle joints and condyloid joints have same motion, but different bone shapes

15. Use the movement to guess the joint type!
Atlanto-axial joint (first two cervical vertibrae)
Intercarpal joints
Interphalangeal joints
Tibia-talar joint
Acetobular-femoral joint
Metacarpalphalangeal joint
Work in groups of 2-3
7 minutes

16. Use the movement to guess the joint type!
Atlanto-axial joint (first two cervical vertibrae) – pivot joint
Intercarpal joints – (wrist) plane joints
Interphalangeal joints – (finger) hinge joints
Tibia-talar joint – (ankle) hinge joints
Acetobular-femoral joint – (hip) ball and socket joint
Metacarpalphalangeal joint – (knuckles) condyloid joint

17. Arthritis
Arthritis is any disease characterized by inflammation of the joints
More than 100 different types
Affects more than 53 million Americans / 27% of adult population in America.

18. Osteoarthritis – ‘wear and tear’
Most common form of arthritis; affects ~25 million Americans
Occurs when the cartilage between joints wears down over time
Symptoms: pain & swelling of joints, stiffness and reduced range of motion, formation of bone spurs
Risk factors: age, obesity, injury and/or overuse, genetics
Weight-bearing and overuse/injured joints tend to experience the most problems (knee, hip)

19. Osteoarthritis – ‘wear and tear’
Treatment is centered around managing symptoms and reducing further damage
Physical activity, especially strengthening and flexibility exercise
Physical/occupational therapy to reteach how to use joint
Weight loss, if overweight
Pain medication:
NSAIDS – reduce pain and inflammation (example: ibuprofen, aspirin)
Analgesics – reduce pain (example: Tylenol, opioids, tramadol)
Corticosteroids – reduce inflammation, often injected directly into joint
Hyaluronic acid – injections replenish this naturally occurring synovial fluid
Joint replacement surgery (especially knee or hip)

20. Rheumatoid Arthritis – an autoimmune disease
2nd most common form – affects 1.3 million Americans
Occurs when the body’s immune system attacks the synovial membrane of joints as well as other body tissues
Symptoms: warm, swollen joints, fatigue, pain & stiffness especially in morning or after sitting, low-grade fever, weight loss, anemia
Other parts of the body can also be attacked: eyes, skin, lungs, heart, blood vessels
Small joints of fingers and toes is often where disease starts

21. Rheumatoid Arthritis – an autoimmune disease
Risk Factors
Can occur at any age, but most likely to start between ages
Affects twice as many women as men
Genetics
Treatment
NSAIDS – reduce pain and inflammation (example: ibuprofen, aspirin)
Corticosteroids – reduce inflammation (usually oral for RA – why?)
DMARDS – disease modifying antirheumatic drugs target the immune response to reduce damage to tissues
Physical and occupational therapy
Surgery
Corticosteroids cause weight gain, raise blood sugar, increase risk of infection
DMARDS can greatly increase risk of infection
Surgery includes joint replacement, but also other options such as joint fusion and synovectomy

22. Closure What were our objectives and how did we accomplish them?
How does it relate to our overall unit question?
How does what we did relate to our TOK connection?
What was our learner profile trait and how did we use it?

23. Exit Ticket Draw and label a synovial joint
Rank the following joints in order of increasing range of motion:
ball & socket, cartilaginous, planar,
hinge, fibrous, condyloid
Make a Venn Diagram comparing and contrasting OA and RA.