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October 17, 2016 Joints
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Joints Joints occur where two or more bones join
together, or articulate Functions: Hold bones together Allow motion The structure of the joint determines the type and range of motion allowed
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Types of Joints Fibrous Joints Bones joined by fibrous tissue
The fibers of syndesmoses are longer than the fibers of sutures – allowing syndesmoses to have slight movement Fibrous Joints Bones joined by fibrous tissue Essentially immovable Examples: sutures, syndesmoses Syndesmoses at distal tibiofibular joint
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Types of Joints Cartilaginous Joints Bones are connected by cartilage
Immovable or slightly moveable Examples: Slightly moveable immoveable
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Types of Joints Synovial Joints
Bones are connected by a joint cavity containing synovial fluid ‘freely’ moveable
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Synovial Joint Structure
Structures which facilitate movement Articular cartilage lines the ends of the bones, reducing friction Synovial membrane lines the inside of the joint capsule, reducing friction Synovial fluid fills the joint cavity, reducing friction and acting as a shock absorber
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Synovial Joint Structure
Structures which hold the bones together Joint capsule made of fibrous connective tissue surrounds ends of bones Ligaments made of dense connective tissue connect the two bones are reinforce the joint capsule
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Think, Pair, Share Older scholar …
What are the two functions of joints? What would happen if the synovial membrane became inflamed? Younger scholar … What special features give synovial joints the greatest freedom of movement? What would happen if articular cartilage wore away?
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Types of Synovial Joints
The shape of synovial joints determines the allowable movements. Plane joints Sliding movement Can move short distances only Ex: the vertebral arches Vertebrae are both synovial joints AND cartilaginous joints. The bodies are connected by cartilaginous joints while the arches are connected by synovial joints.
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Types of Synovial Joints
The shape of synovial joints determines the allowable movements. Pivot joints rotational movement Ex: the radioulnar joint
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Types of Synovial Joints
The shape of synovial joints determines the allowable movements. Hinge Joints allow flexion / extension Ex: humeroulnar joint No rotation!
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Types of Synovial Joints
The shape of synovial joints determines the allowable movements. Saddle Joints allow side-to-side AND back-and-forth motion Both bones have concave and convex areas Ex: carpometacarpal joint of thumb No rotation! Saddle joints and condyloid joints have same motion, but different bone shapes
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Types of Synovial Joints
The shape of synovial joints determines the allowable movements. Condyloid Joints (aka Ellipsoid) allow side-to-side AND back-and-forth motion One bone is convex and fits inside the other, concave bone Ex: atlanto-occipital joint No rotation! Saddle joints and condyloid joints have same motion, but different bone shapes
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Types of Synovial Joints
The shape of synovial joints determines the allowable movements. Ball-and-socket joints allow side-to-side AND back-and-forth motion AND rotation Ex: shoulder (humerus – scapula) No rotation! Saddle joints and condyloid joints have same motion, but different bone shapes
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Use the movement to guess the joint type!
Atlanto-axial joint (first two cervical vertibrae) Intercarpal joints Interphalangeal joints Tibia-talar joint Acetobular-femoral joint Metacarpalphalangeal joint Work in groups of 2-3 7 minutes
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Use the movement to guess the joint type!
Atlanto-axial joint (first two cervical vertibrae) – pivot joint Intercarpal joints – (wrist) plane joints Interphalangeal joints – (finger) hinge joints Tibia-talar joint – (ankle) hinge joints Acetobular-femoral joint – (hip) ball and socket joint Metacarpalphalangeal joint – (knuckles) condyloid joint
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Arthritis Arthritis is any disease characterized by inflammation of the joints More than 100 different types Affects more than 53 million Americans / 27% of adult population in America.
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Osteoarthritis – ‘wear and tear’
Most common form of arthritis; affects ~25 million Americans Occurs when the cartilage between joints wears down over time Symptoms: pain & swelling of joints, stiffness and reduced range of motion, formation of bone spurs Risk factors: age, obesity, injury and/or overuse, genetics Weight-bearing and overuse/injured joints tend to experience the most problems (knee, hip)
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Osteoarthritis – ‘wear and tear’
Treatment is centered around managing symptoms and reducing further damage Physical activity, especially strengthening and flexibility exercise Physical/occupational therapy to reteach how to use joint Weight loss, if overweight Pain medication: NSAIDS – reduce pain and inflammation (example: ibuprofen, aspirin) Analgesics – reduce pain (example: Tylenol, opioids, tramadol) Corticosteroids – reduce inflammation, often injected directly into joint Hyaluronic acid – injections replenish this naturally occurring synovial fluid Joint replacement surgery (especially knee or hip)
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Rheumatoid Arthritis – an autoimmune disease
2nd most common form – affects 1.3 million Americans Occurs when the body’s immune system attacks the synovial membrane of joints as well as other body tissues Symptoms: warm, swollen joints, fatigue, pain & stiffness especially in morning or after sitting, low-grade fever, weight loss, anemia Other parts of the body can also be attacked: eyes, skin, lungs, heart, blood vessels Small joints of fingers and toes is often where disease starts
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Rheumatoid Arthritis – an autoimmune disease
Risk Factors Can occur at any age, but most likely to start between ages Affects twice as many women as men Genetics Treatment NSAIDS – reduce pain and inflammation (example: ibuprofen, aspirin) Corticosteroids – reduce inflammation (usually oral for RA – why?) DMARDS – disease modifying antirheumatic drugs target the immune response to reduce damage to tissues Physical and occupational therapy Surgery Corticosteroids cause weight gain, raise blood sugar, increase risk of infection DMARDS can greatly increase risk of infection Surgery includes joint replacement, but also other options such as joint fusion and synovectomy
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Closure What were our objectives and how did we accomplish them?
How does it relate to our overall unit question? How does what we did relate to our TOK connection? What was our learner profile trait and how did we use it?
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Exit Ticket Draw and label a synovial joint
Rank the following joints in order of increasing range of motion: ball & socket, cartilaginous, planar, hinge, fibrous, condyloid Make a Venn Diagram comparing and contrasting OA and RA.
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