1. How do we distinguish between speech and writing?
Mode
Three models for us to consider
How do we distinguish between speech and writing?

2. Different viewpoints-the theory
However…..
Different viewpoints-the theory
1) The oppositional view
Writing is….
Speech is…
Objective
Interpersonal
A monologue
A dialogue
Durable
Ephemeral
Planned
Spontaneous
Highly structured
Loosely structured
Grammatically complex
Grammatically simple
Concerned with the past and future
Concerned with the present
formal
Informal
decontextualised
contextualised
Adapted from Naomi Baron 2001

3. Alternatives to the oppositional model…
Blended mode texts
Alternatives to the oppositional model…
2)Continuum model
Speech Writing
1) On your sticky note write down an example of a text (speech, page from a textbook, shopping list, song lyrics…)
2) Decide whether your text is more like speech or writing and stick it on the board.

4. 3)The Prototype Model
The greater the distance from the centre indicates that a texts is less of a fit to this particular prototype (speech)
Speech

5. How to use these ideas in an essay response…
E.g 1) Text A fits quite clearly into an oppositional model of language as it is a dialogue between two participants. As such it is ephemeral and loosely structured. Evidence such as the pauses ‘uh (.)’ and ellipted lexis ‘ (.) you’ support this idea. This text is transactional to a certain extent as it does have the purpose of sharing information, however a stronger purpose might be the way the dialogue maintains a relationship. Deictic markers…
E.g 2) Applying a continuum model to analyse this text, it is clear that the dialogue is closer to…
E.g 3) Text A fits easily and is a strong example of speech…
Q: Looking at the three examples, to what extent do these texts reflect the oppositional OR continuum OR prototype view of speech and writing?

6. Key terms to learn Continuum Blended mode Oppositional model
Task
Add information to the texts you found previously in light of the three models discussed today. Use the questions below to help focus your ideas.
Key terms to learn
Continuum
Blended mode
Oppositional model
Good questions to ask:
How do spoken features in writing help to convey meaning?
How do the language choices that text producers make depend on the conventions of the medium they are writing in?
How do the language choices that text producers make, depend on their own purposes for communicating?

7. Planning a response: Q1
Annotate, highlight make notes on how the text constructs its meaning.
Important general questions:
What kind of text is it? (genre)
What is its mode? (closer to speech or writing or strong elements of both?)
Who might read the text? (more than one audience?)
What the purpose(s) of the text might be?
Any obvious language features that you know are typically associated with this kind of writing?

8. REPRESENTATION LINK TO QUESTION
Text A is from the money section of the Mirror website and is about how boys are spending almost as much as girls on their Prom. The purpose of the text is to inform readers, particularly parents of teenage children, about the pressure boys feel to look good for Prom. The purpose of the website is to reassure readers that the advice they give is trustworthy. Whilst the article is a written text and is received through the visual channel, it is still an example of computer- mediated communication. An affordance of the text being written is that it can be referred back to, so the writer can afford to make use of more complex sentences with multiple clauses to add extra information. The overall representation of school Proms is that the efforts people are going to are increasingly extensive, but due to the fact that this is a newspaper article it does not portray this as a positive or a negative thing. The Mirror’s money website is represented as being reliable and authoritative.
States subject of text
Purpose
Benefits of the MODE
REPRESENTATION LINK TO QUESTION

9. Paragraph 1 Plan
SUBJECT
PURPOSE
AUDIENCE
TEXT TYPE/REPRESENTATION

10. Paragraph 2: Close analysis
In the simple sentence “Advice you can count on”, the object “Advice” has been shifted to the beginning of the sentence. This makes it clear that advice is the main thing that the webpage offers. The sentence then goes on to tell the reader that the advice they give is reliable- the reader is being told that the page offers advice and it is trustworthy. The reader is further reassured that the advice is reliable through synthetic personalisation. The second person subject pronoun “you” is used to directly address the reader and establish a relationship with them. A constraint of the written mode is that it is harder to form a relationship with the reader because it is distant, so the use of synthetic personalisation bridges this gap. This represents the Mirror website as reliable, but also as something that is relevant to everyone. Furthermore, the sentence is placed right at the top of the webpage next to the Mirror logo, so the reader is immediately aware that what they are about to read is worth reading

11. Link your discussion to audience and purpose
Point
Evidence
Explain
Review
Target grammar
Link your discussion to audience and purpose
Look for patterns in the text
Write about what the text MEANS in its CONTEXT (you need to state what these are)

12. Planning a response: Q1 The Voice
Annotate, highlight make notes on how the text constructs its meaning.
Important general questions:
What kind of text is it? (genre)
What is its mode? (closer to speech or writing or strong elements of both?)
Who might read the text? (more than one audience?)
What the purpose(s) of the text might be?
Any obvious language features that you know are typically associated with this kind of writing?

13. Group C: Representation and Stance
Which text uses pronouns the most?
How does text C create a relationship (synthetic personalisation) with the reader?
Which text is the closest to an oppositional view of writing and why?
Which text is the least formal and why?
Would you agree that the tone of text A is slightly derisive? (look this word up if you do not know it) If not, choose a better word to describe the tone.
Thinking about your answer to the first question, choose 3 examples from text A, to show how the writer has achieved this tone.
Which text represents itself as the most educated? And how does it achieve this?

14. Tone or Level of Formality
Texts can often be placed on a a scale from informal to formal tone. The American linguist Martin Joos (1962) distinguished between five different levels of formality. This framework was designed to apply to spoken English but it can be relevant to writing as well. The levels Joos suggested are:
Frozen level
Characterised by the use of set phrases in ceremonial, ritual or very conventional situations.
Formal level
Normally used by a speaker addressing an audience where interaction and interruption are not normally permitted.
Consultative level
Normally in exchanges between people who are not family, friends or acquaintances but where interaction between and among speakers is the norm.
Casual level
Used between people who know each other reasonably well. Features can include the use of colloquial forms and interruptions are permitted.
Intimate level
Private communication such as between family members. Codes may be used.

15. How to write a good paragraph
woollyideas goes on to target this group of parents even more later on in the response when she groups them by using the determiner “these” in the interrogative “Who are these parents who think that this sort of expenditure… is ok?”. In the post, woollyideas goes from saying “What parent” to “these parents”- in the earlier part of the response; she is being more general and using the singular form, then she later using the plural grouping “these” parents in order to target them more directly, which again puts them in a lower position than herself. It represents such parents as ridiculous and conveys woollyideas’ disgust at the amount of money they spend.

16. Group B: Lexis, semantics, graphology and layout.
What does the # symbol mean in Text C? What does it allow the audience to do?
Choose 3 other symbols in text C and describe their purpose.
Why are sections of the text in B in blue coloured font?
What is the purpose of the sidebar on the right in text B?
How do you know very quickly that text A is a review?
What features of interactivity can you find in Text A?
Give three examples of high register language (more complex lexis) in text A and describe why these words choices have been made?

17. Homework: Choose one of your texts
Analyse how Text A OR B Or C uses language to create meanings and representations
Assessment objectives covered:
AO1 (10 marks)
AO3 (15 marks)
Total marks available: 25
words
Due Wednesday 27th April
Homework reminders: All due by Weds April 27th
Write an opinion piece-Language and the Individual
Research and find a text type with a common topic chosen by your group
words Write an essay for Q1 based on the Voice text A, B or C

18. Homework: Choose one of your texts
Analyse how Text A OR B Or C uses language to create meanings and representations
Assessment objectives covered:
AO1 (10 marks)
AO3 (15 marks)
Total marks available: 25
words
Due Wednesday 27th April
Homework reminders: All due by Weds April 27th
Write an opinion piece-Language and the Individual
Research and find a text type with a common topic chosen by your group
words Write an essay for Q1 based on the Voice text A, B or C

19. Group A: Close grammatical analysis
Why is the present tense and active voice appropriate for Text B? Link your comments to a short example (up to 6 words) and reference to audience/purpose.
Why are many proper nouns used in Text B?
Identify any example of premodification (description linked to nouns) and state the purpose of the premodification.
What is the predominant sentence type in Text B (questions/exclamations/declaratives/imperative?) and why do you think they have been used in Text B?
How does the use of complex sentences in Text A allow the writer to convey opinion?
In Text A what is the purpose of the subordinate clause in the sentence ‘Tom Jones, who always seemed…’ (what would happen if you took the subordinating middle section away?
Find an example of a verb phrase in Text A (that is a verb function in a sentence that consists of more than one word). Why has it been used?
Find an example of a minor sentence in Text C (sentence without a main verb but the meaning is still clear). Suggest some words to add back in to make it a grammatically complete sentence?

20. Grammar Recap: Make sure everyone on your table knows and understands….
Sentence Function
imperative, interrogative, exclamative, declarative
Sentence Type
Simple, compound, complex
Word Class
verb, noun, adverb, adjective, determiner, pronoun, preposition, conjunction

22. Now do the same for your text for the first 5 words (or phrases)
Taking one word class at a time, identify and explain why they are used in the text.
Word
Class
Why used?
Bowers and Wilkins
Noun
Identifies the manufacturer of the product
have been established
Verb phrase
Shows state of being-they have existed for a long time. Traditional. as
Subordinating conjunction
Links manufacturer to their craft.
masters
Adjective
Describes the quality of the firm
Now do the same for your text for the first 5 words (or phrases)

23. Task Annotate, highlight and make notes on the texts you have brought.
Establish audience, purpose, genre, tone (formality)
Identify some of the grammatical features first
Move onto lexis and semantics, phonetics, phonology, graphology, pragmatics, discourse – whatever you know from these levels.

24. Homework: Due next week
Reviewing Language Levels
Look back at your notes and make yourself a revision aid for each of the following levels:
Lexis and semantics
Phonetics
Phonology
Graphology
Pragmatics
Discourse