1. Chapter 1 – The Struggle for Texas: Demographics, Culture, and Political Power

2. Learning Objectives 1.1 Describe the settlement history of Texas
1.2 Assess the impact industries have made to the Texas economy from 1860 to today
1.3 Analyze how the changing demographics of the state affect government
1.4 Examine the source and impact of political culture in Texas

3. The Origins of Texas Native Americans Spanish Settlers
Arrived 10,000 before Europeans
Competed or land
Disease and conflict with European settlers diminished population
Spanish Settlers
Glory, God, and Gold
Established missions and military posts
Protect against French settlers in Louisiana

4. The Origins of Texas Tejanos Anglos Mexican Texans
Worked in ranching communities
Embraced ayuniamiento (local self-government)
Anglos
Settlers from United States
Empresarios granted the right to settle new land
American settlers
Immigration stopped 1830

5. The Origins of Texas Tejanos and Anglos African-Americans
Friction immediately
Both demanded independence
Tejanos lacked direct representation after revolution
African-Americans
Brought to Texas as “contract labor”
Population rose from 5,000 to over 38,000 after independence
Slave codes before and after Civil War
Freedmantowns heart of community

6. Continuity and Change in the Texas Economy
Economy ranked twelfth in the world
Home to six of the top fifty companies in Fortune 500
Gross State Product second highest in the United States
Balanced economy sustains stable growth
Diverse industry
1980s
Dependent on natural resources
Oil and gas
Created the “Big Rich”
Oil prices dropped economic diversity promoted

7. Continuity and Change in the Texas Economy
Food and Fiber (agriculture)
Fuel (oil)
King Cattle (Texas beef)
Manufacturing (second only to California)
Military and Defense Industries (fifteen military bases)
High Tech (“Silicon Hills” in Austin)
Healthcare (Texas Medical Center)
Recreation and Retirement (tops $70 billion)

8. Continuity and Change in the Texas Economy
“Texas Miracle”
Jobs grew by two million
Gross domestic product grew to over $1 trillion
Oil and Price propping up Texas
Oil price fell unemployment rose
Economic strain felt
Not all groups experience “Texas Miracle” the same
Fifth from the top in income inequality

9. Continuity and Change in The Texas Demographics
State Population Growth
Urbanization
Suburbanization
Implications of Population Shifts
Challenges of Population Growth
Infrastructure
Water Use
Health Care
Energy Use

10. Continuity and Change in The Texas Demographics
Racial and Ethnic Trends in Texas
Segregation
Challenges of Shifting Racial and Ethnic Trends
Education
Housing
An Aging State and its Challenges
Income Security
Medicaid
Safety

11. Continuity and Change in Texas Political Culture
Individualistic Political Culture
Personal achievement
Individual freedom
Individual Enterprise
Loyalty to self
Government accountable for protection of basic rights
Minimal government
Distrust of Government
Trust in the Free Market

12. Continuity and Change in Texas Political Culture
Traditionalistic Political Culture
Priority on enforcement of law and order
Support existing institutions
Church
Traditional family
Texas on the line between Individualistic and Traditionalist Political Culture

13. Continuity and Change in Texas Political Culture
Culture Conflicts
College Funding
Government should maintain equal playing field
College education critical to individual advancement and building skilled workforce
College is expensive and all groups should receive opportunity
Morals and Money
Taxes kept low (individualistic value)
Some activities should be prohibited
Gambling
Illicit drugs

14. Texas Takeaways
Texas was first settled by Native Americans battling for territory and being pushed by other tribes and pulled by the roaming buffalo, then by the Spanish explorers looking for an expanded empire, then by the Mexican government anxious to provide a buffer between them and the United States.
Texans revolted against Mexico because of anger over halted Anglo immigration, few legal rights, higher taxation, and a general sense of self-sufficiency
If Texas were an independent nation, its economy would be ranked 12th in the world. Its 2014 gross state product (the sum of all goods and service produced in a state) topped $1.7 trillion, the second highest in the United States

15. Texas Takeaways
The Texas economy has gone through several boom and bust cycles-first cotton and cattle, then energy (primarily oil), then manufacturing, then (again) energy (natural gas especially
The “Texas Miracle” is what some have called the Texas economy from 2001 to 2008, which experienced a major boom: low unemployment, low inflation, and growing state coffers. The economy was not rosy for everyone, however, as many jobs were low income and many residents lacked access to health care
Texas had the largest increase in population (more than 4 million people) of any state in the union. Even other large states like California and Florida did not add population as rapidly as Texas between 2000 and 2010

16. Texas Takeaways
Texas’s recent population growth is younger, more Hispanic, and more urban not than in the past 10 years
Pressure is on the state to educate a diverse population, a strain on state health funds for aging Texans, protecting equal opportunity housing, and ensuring racial tolerance are all challenges the state faces as the demographics change
Political culture in Texas, according to political scientist Daniel Elazar’s analysis, involves two primary value dimensions: individualistic and traditionalistic
Texans are religious, favor minimal government, approve of the free market, and embrace law and order. These values shape political beliefs on several issues like abortion, state spending, and illegal drugs