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2. Standardized Test Prep
Resources
Chapter Presentation
Bellringers
Transparencies
Standardized Test Prep
Math Skills
Visual Concepts

3. Chapter 3 Table of Contents Section 1 Matter and Energy
States of Matter
Table of Contents
Section 1 Matter and Energy
Section 2 Fluids
Section 3 Behavior of Gases

4. Chapter 3 Objectives Hero’s Engine Cap Tube/food coloring Lava lamp
Section 1 Matter and Energy
Objectives
Hero’s Engine
Cap Tube/food coloring
Lava lamp
Plasma lamp and bulb
Phet
Bottle pop
Lawnmower engine

5. Chapter 3
Section 1 Matter and Energy
Objectives
Summarize the main points of the kinetic theory of matter.
Describe how temperature relates to kinetic energy.
Describe four common states of matter.
List the different changes of state, and describe how particles behave in each state.
State the laws of conservation of mass and conservation of energy, and explain how they apply to changes of state.

6. Chapter 3
Section 1 Matter and Energy
Bellringer
1. Identify each diagram as one or more of the following: solid, liquid, gas, atoms only, molecules only, atoms and molecules.
2. Which diagram(s) could be a solution of gases?

7. Kinetic Molecular Theory – 3 Main Points
Chapter 3
Section 1 Matter and Energy
Kinetic Molecular Theory – 3 Main Points
All matter is made of atoms and molecules that act like tiny particles.
These tiny particles are always in motion. The higher the temperature of the substance, the faster the particles move.
At the same temperature, more-massive (heavier) particles move slower than less-massive (lighter) particles.

8. Kinetic Molecular Theory
Chapter 3
Section 1 Matter and Energy
Kinetic Molecular Theory

9. Kinetic Molecular Theory
Chapter 3
Section 1 Matter and Energy
Kinetic Molecular Theory
The states of matter differ physically from one another. (Food coloring in a cup)
Particles of a solid, such as iron, are in fixed positions.
In a liquid, such as cooking oil, the particles are closely packed, but they can slide past each other.
Gas particles are in a constant state of motion and rarely stick together.

10. Chapter 3
Section 1 Matter and Energy
States of Matter

11. Chapter 3
Section 1 Matter and Energy
Solid, Liquid, and Gas

12. Chapter 3
Section 1 Matter and Energy

13. Kinetic Theory, continued
Chapter 3
Section 1 Matter and Energy
Kinetic Theory, continued
Solids have a definite shape and volume.
The structure of a solid is rigid, and the particles have almost no freedom to change position.

14. Chapter 3
Section 1 Matter and Energy
Properties of Solids

15. Kinetic Theory, continued
Chapter 3
Section 1 Matter and Energy
Kinetic Theory, continued
Liquids change shape, but not volume.
The particles in a liquid move more rapidly than those of a solid—fast enough to overcome the forces of attraction between them.
The particles in a liquid can slide past each other, flowing freely. Liquids can take the shape of the container they are put into.
Liquids have surface tension, the force acting at the surface of a liquid that causes a liquid, such as water, to form spherical drops. (Net Demo)

16. Liquid (Graduated Cylinder Meniscus)
Chapter 3
Section 1 Matter and Energy
Liquid (Graduated Cylinder Meniscus)

17. Chapter 3
Section 1 Matter and Energy
Properties of Liquids

18. Kinetic Theory, continued
Chapter 3
Section 1 Matter and Energy
Kinetic Theory, continued
Gases are free to spread in all directions.
The particles of a gas move fast enough to break away from each other.
The space between gas particles can change, so a gas expands to fill the available space.
A gas can also be compressed to a smaller volume.
Bottle POP

19. Chapter 3
Section 1 Matter and Energy
Gas

20. Kinetic Theory, continued
Chapter 3
Section 1 Matter and Energy
Kinetic Theory, continued
Plasma is the most common state of matter.
Plasma is a state of matter that starts as a gas and then becomes ionized.
Plasmas conduct electric current, while gases do not.
Natural plasmas are found in lightning and fire. The glow of a fluorescent light is caused by an artificial plasma, created by passing electric currents through gases.

21. Chapter 3 Energy’s Role Energy is the capacity to do work.
Section 1 Matter and Energy
Energy’s Role
Energy is the capacity to do work.
Sources of energy can include:
electricity, candles, and batteries
the food you eat
chemical reactions that release heat

22. Chapter 3
Section 1 Matter and Energy
Energy

23. Energy’s Role, continued
Chapter 3
Section 1 Matter and Energy
Energy’s Role, continued
According to the kinetic theory, all matter is made of particles that are constantly in motion.
Because the particles are in motion, they have kinetic energy, or energy of motion.
Thermal energy is the total kinetic energy of a substance.
The more kinetic energy the particles in the object have, the more thermal energy the object has.

24. Energy’s Role, continued
Chapter 3
Section 1 Matter and Energy
Energy’s Role, continued
Temperature is a measure of average kinetic energy.
Unlike total kinetic energy, temperature does not depend on how much of the substance you have.
For example, a teapot contains more tea than a mug does, but the temperature, or average kinetic energy of the particles in the tea, is the same in both containers.

25. Energy and Changes of State
Chapter 3
Section 1 Matter and Energy
Energy and Changes of State
A change of state—the conversion of a substance from one physical form to another—is a physical change.
The identity of a substance does not change during a change of state, but the energy of a substance does change.
A transfer of energy known as heat causes the temperature of a substance to change, which can lead to a change of state.

26. States of Matter – ice on a wire demo
Chapter 3
Section 1 Matter and Energy
States of Matter – ice on a wire demo

27. Energy and Changes of State, continued
Chapter 3
Section 1 Matter and Energy
Energy and Changes of State, continued
Some changes of state require energy.
Evaporation is the change of a substance from a liquid to a gas. Energy is needed to separate the particles of a liquid to form a gas.
Sublimation is the process by which a solid turns directly to a gas. Sometimes ice sublimes to form a gas.

28. Energy and Changes of State, continued
Chapter 3
Section 1 Matter and Energy
Energy and Changes of State, continued
Energy is released in some changes of state.
Condensation is the change of a substance from a gas to a liquid. Energy is released from the gas and the particles slow down.
Energy is also released during freezing, which is the change of state from a liquid to a solid.
When a substance loses or gains energy, either its temperature changes or its state changes, but not both.

29. Conservation of Mass and Energy
Chapter 3
Section 1 Matter and Energy
Conservation of Mass and Energy
The law of conservation of mass says that mass cannot be created or destroyed.
For instance, when you burn a match, the total mass of the reactants (the match and oxygen) is the same as the total mass of the products (the ash, smoke, and gases).
The law of conservation of energy states that energy cannot be created or destroyed.
For instance, when you drive a car, gasoline releases its stored energy, in the form of heat, used to move the car.

30. Law of Conservation of Mass (demo)
Chapter 3
Section 1 Matter and Energy
Law of Conservation of Mass (demo)

31. Law of Conservation of Energy
Chapter 3
Section 1 Matter and Energy
Law of Conservation of Energy

32. Chapter 3 Objectives Review
Section 1 Matter and Energy
Objectives Review
Summarize the main points of the kinetic theory of matter.
Describe how temperature relates to kinetic energy.
Describe four common states of matter.
List the different changes of state, and describe how particles behave in each state.
State the laws of conservation of mass and conservation of energy, and explain how they apply to changes of state.

35. Chapter 3
Section 2 Fluids
Objectives
Describe the buoyant force and explain how it keeps objects afloat.
Define Archimedes’ principle.
Explain the role of density in an object’s ability to float.
State and apply Pascal’s principle.
State and apply Bernoulli’s principle.

36. Chapter 3
Section 2 Fluids
Bellringer
Although you may not be familiar with the specific details, you have seen buoyant forces at work. You know from experience that certain objects float in air or in water. This is because of the force that pushes, or buoys the object up. This force opposes the weight of the object, which is always in the downward direction.
Examine each of the drawings shown on the next slide. Then answer the items that follow.

37. Chapter 3 Bellringer, continued Section 2 Fluids
1. Is the buoyant force on the lump of gold greater than, less than, or equal to the gold’s weight?
2. Is the buoyant force on the balloon greater than, less than, or equal to the balloon’s weight?
3. Is the buoyant force on the boat greater than, less than, or equal to the boat’s weight?
4. Is the buoyant force on the submarine greater than, less than, or equal to the submarine’s weight?

38. Chapter 3
Section 2 Fluids
Fluids
A fluid is a nonsolid state of matter in which the atoms or molecules are free to move past each other, as in a gas or liquid.
Fluids are able to flow because their particles can move past each other easily.
The properties of fluids allow huge ships to float, divers to explore the ocean depths, and jumbo jets to soar across the skies.

39. Chapter 3
Section 2 Fluids
Fluid

40. Chapter 3
Section 2 Fluids
Buoyant Force
Buoyant force is the upward force exerted on an object immersed in or floating on a fluid.
Buoyancy explains why objects float.
All fluids exert pressure: the amount of force exerted per unit area of a surface.
Archimedes’ principle states that the buoyant force on an object in a fluid is an upward force equal to the weight of the volume of fluid that the object displaces.

41. Buoyant Force, continued
Chapter 3
Section 2 Fluids
Buoyant Force, continued
The volume of fluid displaced by an object placed in a fluid will be equal to the volume of the part of the object submerged.
The figure below shows how displacement works.

42. Buoyant Force, continued
Chapter 3
Section 2 Fluids
Buoyant Force, continued
An object will float or sink based on its density.
If an object is less dense than the fluid in which it is placed, it will float.
If an object is more dense than the fluid in which it is placed, it will sink.

43. Chapter 3
Section 2 Fluids
Density

44. Chapter 3 Fluids and Pressure
Section 2 Fluids
Fluids and Pressure
Fluids exert pressure evenly in all directions.
For example, when you pump up a bicycle tire, air particles are constantly pushing against each other and against the walls of the tire.

45. Fluids and Pressure, continued
Chapter 3
Section 2 Fluids
Fluids and Pressure, continued
Pressure can be calculated by dividing force by the area over which the force is exerted:
The SI unit for pressure is the pascal (abbreviation: Pa), equal to the force of one newton exerted over an area of one square meter (1 N/m2).

46. Chapter 3
Section 2 Fluids
Equation for Pressure

47. Chapter 3 Pascal’s Principle
Section 2 Fluids
Pascal’s Principle
Pascal’s principle states that a fluid in equilibrium contained in a vessel exerts a pressure of equal intensity in all directions.
Mathematically, Pascal’s principle is stated as p1 = p2, or pressure1 = pressure2.

48. Chapter 3
Section 2 Fluids
Math Skills
Pascal’s Principle A hydraulic lift, shown in the figure below, makes use of Pascal’s principle, to lift a 19,000 N car. If the area of the small piston (A1) equals 10.5 cm2 and the area of the large piston (A2) equals 400 cm2, what force needs to be exerted on the small piston to lift the car?

49. Chapter 3 Math Skills, continued
Section 2 Fluids
Math Skills, continued
1. List the given and unknown values. Given: F2 = 19,000 N A1 = 10.5 cm2 A2 = 400 cm2 Unknown: F1
2. Write the equation for Pascal’s principle. According to Pascal’s principle, p1 = p2.

50. Chapter 3 Math Skills, continued
Section 2 Fluids
Math Skills, continued
3. Insert the known values into the equation, and solve.
F1 = 500 N

51. Pascal’s Principle, continued
Chapter 3
Section 2 Fluids
Pascal’s Principle, continued
Hydraulic devices are based on Pascal’s principle.
Hydraulic devices can multiply forces, as shown in the figure below. Because the pressure is the same on both sides of the enclosed fluid, a small force on the smaller area (at left) produces a much larger force on the larger area (at right).

52. Chapter 3 Fluids in Motion
Section 2 Fluids
Fluids in Motion
Viscosity is the resistance of a gas or liquid to flow.
Bernoulli’s principle states that as the speed of a moving fluid increases, the pressure of the moving fluid decreases.
Bernoulli’s principle is illustrated below: as a leaf passes through a drainage pipe from point 1 to point 2, it speeds up, and the water pressure decreases.

53. Chapter 3
Section 2 Fluids
Viscosity

54. Chapter 3 Objectives Explain how gases differ from solids and liquids.
Section 3 Behavior of Gases
Objectives
Explain how gases differ from solids and liquids.
State and explain the following gas laws: Boyle’s law, Charles’s law, and Gay-Lussac’s law.
Describe the relationship between gas pressure, temperature and volume.

55. Chapter 3 Bellringer Section 3 Behavior of Gases
The pressure of gas depends on how frequently the particles of gas strike the sides of the container holding the gas. Use your experience and, after examining each of the pairs of drawings shown below, decide whether you think the pressure of the contained gas has increased, decreased, or remained unchanged.
1. The gas in the cylinder of an automatic engine undergoes the change shown below. Does the pressure of the gas
a. increase?
b. decrease?
c. remain unchanged?

56. Chapter 3 Bellringer, continued Section 3 Behavior of Gases
2. The gas in the toy balloon expands outward, as shown below. After this expansion, has the pressure of the gas
a. increased?
b. decreased?
c. remained unchanged?
3. The temperature of the water vapor in the pressure cooker increases. Does the pressure of the gas
a. increase?
b. decrease?
c. remain unchanged?

57. Chapter 3 Properties of Gases
Section 3 Behavior of Gases
Properties of Gases
Gases have unique properties. Some important properties of gases are listed below.
Gases have no definite shape or volume, and they expand to completely fill their container.
Gas particles move rapidly in all directions.
Gases spread out easily and mix with one another. Unlike solids and liquids, gases are mostly empty space.

58. Properties of Gases, continued
Chapter 3
Section 3 Behavior of Gases
Properties of Gases, continued
(some important gas properties, continued)
Gases have a very low density because their particles are so far apart. Because of this property, gases are used to inflate tires and balloons.
Gases are compressible.
Gases are fluids.
Gas molecules are in constant motion, and they frequently collide with one another and with the walls of their container.

59. Chapter 3
Section 3 Behavior of Gases
Properties of Gases

60. Properties of Gases, continued
Chapter 3
Section 3 Behavior of Gases
Properties of Gases, continued
Gases exert pressure on their containers.
The kinetic theory helps to explain pressure. Helium atoms in a balloon are constantly hitting each other and the walls of the balloon, as shown below.
Therefore, if the balloon is punctured, the gas will escape with a lot of force, causing the balloon to pop.

61. Chapter 3
Section 3 Behavior of Gases
Gas Laws
Boyle’s law states that for a fixed amount of gas at a constant temperature, the volume of the gas increases its pressure decreases. Likewise, the volume of a gas decreases as its pressure increases.
Boyle’s law can be expressed mathematically as: (pressure1)(volume1) = (pressure2)(volume2) , or P1V1 = P2V2

62. Chapter 3
Section 3 Behavior of Gases
Boyle’s Law

63. Chapter 3
Section 3 Behavior of Gases
Math Skills
Boyle’s Law The gas in a balloon has a volume of 7.5 L at 100 kPa. The balloon is released into the atmosphere, and the gas expands to a volume of 11 L. Assuming a constant temperature, what is the pressure on the balloon at the new volume?
1. List the given and unknown values. Given: V1 = 7.5 L P1 = 100 kPa V2 = 11 L Unknown: P2

64. Chapter 3 Math Skills, continued
Section 3 Behavior of Gases
Math Skills, continued
2. Write the equation for Boyle’s law, and rearrange the equation to solve for P2. P1V1 = P2V2
3. Insert the known values into the equation, and solve.
P2 = 68 kPa

65. Chapter 3 Gas Laws, continued
Section 3 Behavior of Gases
Gas Laws, continued
Charles’s law states that for a fixed amount of gas at a constant pressure, the volume of the gas increases as its temperature decreases. Likewise, the volume of a gas decreases as its temperature increases.
As shown below, if the gas in an inflated balloon is cooled (at constant pressure), the gas will decrease in volume and cause the balloon to deflate.

66. Chapter 3
Section 3 Behavior of Gases
Charles’s Law

67. Chapter 3 Gas Laws, continued
Section 3 Behavior of Gases
Gas Laws, continued
Gay-Lussac’s law states that the pressure of a gas increases as the temperature increases if the volume of the gas does not change.
This is why, if a pressurized container that holds gas, such as a spray can, is heated, it may explode.

68. Chapter 3
Section 3 Behavior of Gases
Concept Mapping

69. Understanding Concepts
Chapter 3
Standardized Test Prep
Understanding Concepts
1. Which of the following changes of state is exothermic?
A. evaporation
B. freezing
C. melting
D. sublimation

70. Understanding Concepts
Chapter 3
Standardized Test Prep
Understanding Concepts
1. Which of the following changes of state is exothermic?
A. evaporation
B. freezing
C. melting
D. sublimation

71. Understanding Concepts
Chapter 3
Standardized Test Prep
Understanding Concepts
2. Which of these statements describes the particles of a liquid?
F. Particles are far apart and move freely.
G. Particles are close together and vibrate in place.
H. Particles are far apart and unable to change location.
I. Particles are close together and move past each other easily.

72. Understanding Concepts
Chapter 3
Standardized Test Prep
Understanding Concepts
2. Which of these statements describes the particles of a liquid?
F. Particles are far apart and move freely.
G. Particles are close together and vibrate in place.
H. Particles are far apart and unable to change location.
I. Particles are close together and move past each other easily.

73. Understanding Concepts
Chapter 3
Standardized Test Prep
Understanding Concepts
3. As the plunger is depressed, the volume of a syringe filled with helium gas is reduced from 25 mL to 10 mL. If the initial pressure is 150 kPa, what is the final pressure, in kPa, assuming constant temperature?

74. Understanding Concepts
Chapter 3
Standardized Test Prep
Understanding Concepts
3. As the plunger is depressed, the volume of a syringe filled with helium gas is reduced from 25 mL to 10 mL. If the initial pressure is 150 kPa, what is the final pressure, in kPa, assuming constant temperature?
Answer: 375 kPa

75. Chapter 3 Reading Skills
Standardized Test Prep
Reading Skills
Read the passage below. Then answer the question.
If the temperature in a citrus orchard drops below –2°C for several hours, the fruit will freeze and be destroyed. Citrus growers spray tiny droplets of water to protect the crop if a freeze is predicted. Protection comes from the heat released as the heated water cools. However, much of the heat that protects trees from freezing is released as the water freezes.

76. Chapter 3 Reading Skills
Standardized Test Prep
Reading Skills
4. Based on the energy changes that occur when materials change state, determine how water freezing on the fruit can protect it from becoming too cold?

77. Chapter 3 Reading Skills
Standardized Test Prep
Reading Skills
4. Based on the energy changes that occur when materials change state, determine how water freezing on the fruit can protect it from becoming too cold?
Answer: The process of freezing is exothermic, so heat is generated as water changes from the liquid to the solid state. This heat protects the tree as the water freezes on it.

78. Interpreting Graphics
Chapter 3
Standardized Test Prep
Interpreting Graphics
Base your answers to questions 5 through 8 on the graph below.

79. Interpreting Graphics
Chapter 3
Standardized Test Prep
Interpreting Graphics
5. What is the boiling point of the substance shown on the graph?
A. 20°C
B. Between 20°C and 80°C
C. 80°C
D. Above 80°C

80. Interpreting Graphics
Chapter 3
Standardized Test Prep
Interpreting Graphics
5. What is the boiling point of the substance shown on the graph?
A. 20°C
B. Between 20°C and 80°C
C. 80°C
D. Above 80°C

81. Interpreting Graphics
Chapter 3
Standardized Test Prep
Interpreting Graphics
6. In what state is the substance at a temperature of 30°C?
F. gas and liquid mix
G. liquid
H. solid
I. solid and liquid mix

82. Interpreting Graphics
Chapter 3
Standardized Test Prep
Interpreting Graphics
6. In what state is the substance at a temperature of 30°C?
F. gas and liquid mix
G. liquid
H. solid
I. solid and liquid mix

83. Interpreting Graphics
Chapter 3
Standardized Test Prep
Interpreting Graphics
7. How will the substance change if energy is added to the liquid substance at 20°C?
A. The liquid will freeze.
B. The liquid will vaporize.
C. The liquid will become warmer.
D. The liquid will not undergo any change.

84. Interpreting Graphics
Chapter 3
Standardized Test Prep
Interpreting Graphics
7. How will the substance change if energy is added to the liquid substance at 20°C?
A. The liquid will freeze.
B. The liquid will vaporize.
C. The liquid will become warmer.
D. The liquid will not undergo any change.

85. Interpreting Graphics
Chapter 3
Standardized Test Prep
Interpreting Graphics
8. What occurs to the substance as energy is added to the liquid at 80°C?
F. The liquid will freeze.
G. The liquid will vaporize.
H. The liquid will become warmer.
I. The liquid will not undergo any change.

86. Interpreting Graphics
Chapter 3
Standardized Test Prep
Interpreting Graphics
8. What occurs to the substance as energy is added to the liquid at 80°C?
F. The liquid will freeze.
G. The liquid will vaporize.
H. The liquid will become warmer.
I. The liquid will not undergo any change.

87. Chapter 3
Section 1 Matter and Energy
Bellringer
The nine drawings below contain different types and numbers of atoms and molecules. From your knowledge of the different classifications of matter, categorize the drawings shown.