1. Unit 3 Vocab Ch. 8 and 9 Justinian I *Theodora Justinian’s Law Code
Kievan Rus
Constantinople
Hagia Sophia
*Cyrillic Alphabet
Great Schism of 1054
Icons
Eastern Orthodoxy
Genghis Khan
Kublai Khan
Marco Polo
Bubonic plague
Khanates
*Yuan (Mongol) dynasty
* Not it textbook

2. The Byzantine Empire

3. The Byzantine Empire Objectives
Identify the factors that contributed to the growth & strength of the Byzantine Empire
Explain how the Christian church came to be divided
Analyze the cultural contributions made by the Byzantines
Explain the factors that contributed to the down fall of the Byzantine Empire

4. The Byzantine Empire

5. After the Roman empire collapsed in the West, the Eastern Roman Empire became the center of civilization.
- The capital of the Eastern Roman Empire was Byzantium or Constantinople as it came to be known.

6. Due to its location, it controlled trade between Asia and Europe.

7. Politics in Constantinople
Senate still met as in Rome but the emperor had absolute power.
Emperors were the head of both the church and the state. Religion was closely linked to politics.
Justinian was a strong and important emperor.

8. Justinian Justinian became emperor in 527 CE and ruled until 565 CE.
He launched 3 ambitious projects during his reign:
1. He tried to re-conquer Roman lands to the west.
2. He ordered a team of Greek and Latin scholars to compile and simplify the laws.
3. He undertook a massive building program in Constantinople.

9. The Byzantine Empire Justinian Code was a collection of Roman laws
Code- contained useful Roman laws
Digest- summarized Roman legal opinions
Institutes- guide for law students
Novellae- laws passed after AD 534

10. Byzantine Empire Justinian Code Formed basis of Byzantine law
Provided framework for many European legal systems
Preserved Roman idea that people should be ruled by laws, not by leaders whims
Able Advisors
Theodora- encouraged Justinian to increase women's rights
Altered divorce laws, allowed Christian women to own property equal to a dowry
Belisarius- General of the army, ended Nika revolt

11. Strengths of the Empire
Strong and Centralized Government
Officials were skilled, efficient, well paid
Created alliances through marriages
Military forces well trained, weapons/armor well designed
Greek Fire- chemical weapon of the Navy, liquid that burst into flames
Eastern Roman Empire
Constantinople was source of strength, location allowed control of sea trade routes between Europe and Asia

12. The Christian Church
Icon- holy picture of Jesus, the Virgin Mary, or the Saints
Iconoclasts- believed having icons was the same as worshipping idols
Iconoclastic Controversy was a battle about the use of icons in the Christian Church

13. Religion was important to the Byzantine Empire.
People debated issues such as the nature of God and Jesus.
The church was connected to the government.
Conflicts over icons weakened the empire. Icons were pictures of Mary, Jesus, and holy figures that were sold in markets.

14. Icons

15. Those that objected to these figures were called iconoclasts.
Religion
Many objected to the use of icons because they felt people prayed to them as if they were idols.
Those that objected to these figures were called iconoclasts.
Remember the 10 Commandments

16. Deuteronomy 5:8-9 (King James Version)
 8Thou shalt not make thee any graven image, or any likeness of any thing that is in heaven above, or that is in the earth beneath, or that is in the waters beneath the earth:
9Thou shalt not bow down thyself unto them, nor serve them: for I the LORD thy God am a jealous God, … 
Deuteronomy 5:8-9 (King James Version)
 8Thou shalt not make thee any graven image, or any likeness of any thing that is in heaven above, or that is in the earth beneath, or that is in the waters beneath the earth:
9Thou shalt not bow down thyself unto them, nor serve them: for I the LORD thy God am a jealous God, … 

17. Iconoclasts were one of the reasons the Christian church split in 1054 A.D.
Other reasons:
1. Pope in Rome supported the use of icons, the Byzantine emperor didn’t.

19. East v. West
2. The pope led the church in Rome, the patriarch led the Eastern Church.
- The bishop of Constantinople was known as the patriarch.

20. East v. West
3. The pope in Rome claimed to be the leader of all Christians. However, the patriarch refused to accept the pope’s authority.

21. Religious Split
4. Priest of the eastern empire conducted services in the local language of their member. Priests in western Europe conducted services only in Latin.
5. Roman priests could not
marry, while Eastern priests did.

22. Religious Split
The break between Rome and Constantinople became final in 1054.
That year the pope and patriarch excommunicated each other.
Excommunicate: they were declared “outside the church”, cut off from all Christians.

23. Religious Split
The western branch of the Christian Church became known as the Roman Catholic Church. (Catholic comes from a Latin word meaning “universal”.)
The eastern branch became known as the Eastern Orthodox Church. (Orthodox comes from 2 Greek words means “correct belief.”)

24. The Christian Church Roman Catholic Eastern Orthodox Clergy
No Married Priests
Married Priest allowed
Icons
No icons allowed
Icons rejected at first then later accepted
Leadership
Roman Pope was supreme church authority
Patriarch of Constantinople
Trinity
Accepted Holy Trinity
Believed God the Father was more important than the Son or Holy Spirit

26. Byzantine Culture
Cyril and Methodius created the Cyrillic alphabet to teach the Bible to Slavs
Art
Religion was the main subject
Murals, Paintings, icons, and mosaics
Location of image important
Helped people look toward the afterlife

27. Byzantine Culture Architecture Built the Hagia Sophia…a church
Byzantines were the 1st to solve the issue of putting a dome over a rectangular building

28. The Decline
After Justinian died the empire was weakened and taken over by various groups from different locations
The Seljuiq Turks capture of Asia Minor affected the empire because it was a source for food and soldiers.
Western Roman Empire helped regain Constantinople but later captured the city
The Byzantine Empire was conquered by the Ottoman Turks