1. Urbanization Models

2. Bid-Rent curve predicts the land prices and population density decline as distance from the CBD increases
Bid-rent curves show the variations in rent different users pay for land at different distances from some peak point of accessibility and visibility in the market
Usually the CBD
Transportation costs increase as you move away from the market
Rents usually decrease as distance increases from the market
Bid-Rent Curve

3. Different types of land use generate different bid-rent curve
Ex: commercial retail, industrial, agriculture, housing
Bid-rent curves explain the series of concentric rings of land use found in the concentric zone model
Model shows a pattern in which architectural form and function of buildings match in each concentric ring and urban land use
Bid-Rent Curve

4. Comparative Models of North American Cities
The Central Business District
Definition:
CBD- original core of a city’s economy, like a nucleus of a cell
CBD is compact, less than 1% of urban land area
But contains a large % of shops, offices, and public institutions
Consumer services and business services are attracted to the CBD because of its accessibility
Center is easiest part of city to reach from the rest of the region
Focal point of region’s transportation network
Characteristics of a CBD
High land costs
Discourages Industry in the CBD
Intensive land use
Skyscrapers
All of the following models possess a central business district
Degree of influence and geographic location of CBD varies throughout different models
Comparative Models of North American Cities

5. Concentric Zone Model Also called the Burgess model
Developed in 1920’s by E.W. Burgess
1st model to explain and predict urban growth
All other urban models are built on this model
Based on urban growth in Chicago
Model suggests that a city’s land use can be viewed from above as a series of concentric rings
As the city grows and expands, new rings are added and older rings change their function
Size and shape of rings vary per city
Concentric Zone Model

6. Concentric Zone Model The five rings: 1- CBD 2- Zone of transition
innermost ring where non- residential activities are located
2- Zone of transition
Contains industry and poorer- quality housing
Immigrants to city often 1st live here
3- Zone of working-class homes
Modest, older homes occupied by stable, working- class families
4- Zone of better residences
Contains newer and more spacious houses for middle- class families
5- Commuter Zones
Beyond the continuous built- up area of the city
Concentric Zone Model

7. The model assumes a process sometimes called invasion and succession (or succession migration)
Definition:
New arrivals to cities 1st tend to move to the inner rings near the CBD
This pushes the people and economic activities already present out into further rings
This constant pattern can lead to a ring known as the zone in transition
Zone outside CBD
Never really developed
Developers know that it will be constantly caught in shift
Sometimes called “skid- row”
In model, the CBD is the premiere land-use ring nearest the point of maximum accessibility
Called peak land value intersection
Highest real estate prices
Land values decrease as you move away from CBD
Furthest ring the cheapest
Concentric Zone Model

8. Sector Land Use Model Sector Model was developed by Homer Hoyt in 1939
Discovered a twist on the concentric zone pattern
According to Hoyt, the city develops in a series of sectors, not rings
Also based off of Chicago
Model grew out of observations that there were urban land-use zones of growth based on transportation routes and linear features
roads, canals, railroads, major boulevards
Not just concentric zones around the CBD
Sector Land Use Model

9. The Sector Model explained that similar land uses and socioeconomic groups clumped together in geometric sectors
Certain areas of the city are more attractive for various activities
Sectors radiated out from CBD along particular transportation routes
Ex:
Many factories follow rail lines, housing followed public transportation, visitor services along major highways
Sector Land Use Model

10. Multiple-Nuclei Land Use Model
New Model of urban growth discovered in 1945
Chauncy Harris and Edward Ullman
Unlike previous models that focused on a strong CBD, this model suggested that growth occurred independently around several major focal points
A.K.A. a city is a complex structure that includes more than one center around which activities revolve
Ex: airports, universities, highway interchanges, ports
Focal points may be distant from “original” CBD and only loosely connected
Suggesting a reduced dominance of the CBD
Multiple-Nuclei Land Use Model

11. Multiple-Nuclei Land Use Model
The multiple nuclei model reorganized that land use zones often popped up at one, in chunks
Industrial parks, shopping centers, and housing zones could be built in one, giant sweep of construction and be only very loosely connected to the original heart of the city
The model does not suggest the CBD is not necessarily unimportant
but does show that new areas of intense, urban growth (called nuclei) can grow simultaneously around key nodes of access or industry
Some activities are attracted to particular nodes, whereas other try to avoid them
Example:
A university node might attract pizza places and bookstores
Multiple-Nuclei Land Use Model

12. The three models help to understand where people with different social characteristics tend to live within an urban area
Can also help explain why certain types of people live in particular places
Uses social area analysis
Uses census information to compare characteristics
None of the models individually explain why different types of people live in distinctive parts of the city
When combined, more helpful
Critics
Models are too simple
Fail to consider the variety of reasons that lead people to select particular residential locations
All three models created between WWI/ WWII
No longer relevant
The models say that most people prefer to live near others who have similar characteristics
Concentric Zone
Consider two families with the same income and ethnic background
One family owns a home, the other rents
The owner would more likely live in an outer ring and the renter in the inner ring
Sector Model
Given two families who own homes, the family with the higher income will not live in the same sector of the city as the family with the lower income
Multiple Nuclei
People with the same ethnic or racial background are likely to live near each other
Apply the Models

13. Urban Realms Urban Land Model
Developed by James Vance in 1960s
Influenced by increasing importance of automobile
Explained suburban regions that were functionally tied to mixed-use, suburban downtowns with relative independence from the CBD
Developed while observing the San Francisco Bay area metropolis
Model grew from the multiple-nuclei model
Argued nuclei were not just focal points of urban growth but developing into functioning “urban realms”
Urban realms model recognized that many people’s daily lives and activities occurred within a fixed activity space within a portion , or urban realm, of a larger metro region
In these “urban realms” on could find suburban downtowns filled with amenities needed for living
“urban realms”
Urban Realms Urban Land Model

14. Borchert Model of Urban Evolution
In the 1960’s, Samuel Borchert studied cities in the United States and linked historical changes to urban evolution
Borchert’s model defined four classical of cities based on the transportation technology that dominated the era when the city hit its initial growth spurt and found it’s comparative advantage
Classifications
Stage 1
Hit growth spurt in “sail- wagon” era of
Mostly near ports and waterways for transportation
Stage 2
“iron-horse” cities
Grew around rivers and canals between when railroads and steamboats were growing rapidly
Stage 3
“steel-rail epoch”
During IR, when steel industry blossomed
Stage 4
1920
Linked to air and car travel
Borchert Model of Urban Evolution

15. In contrast to U.S. cities, wealthy Europeans still live in inner rings of the upper-class sector
Not just in the suburbs
As in the U.S. wealthier Europeans cluster along a sector extending out from the CBD
Often away from factories, on higher elevations
Before electricity social segregation was vertical
Meaning poor people lived in the basements or attics of buildings
Today lower income families live outside the inner-city
Mainly outskirts
European Cities

16. Latin American Cities Latin American City Structure Model
Also called Ford-Griffin Model
Created by Larry Ford and Ernest Griffin
Particularly focused on areas colonized by Spain
Stages of Latin American cities
Pre-colonial
Very few cities, ex. Tenochtitlan
Most lived in rural settlements
Colonial
Expanded existing cities
Followed standardized plans
1400s- Renaissance saw rebirth of Greco-Roman architecture and planned cities
1573- Spain passed a law ordering all colonial cities be built according to Greco-Roman designs
Prominent, rectangular plazas dominated by Catholic Church and major governmental buildings
Since independence
Changing rapidly
Latin American Cities

17. Latin American City Structure Model
Commercial and residential zones encircled the Latin American plaza
Similar to CBD in North American cities
CBD was most important in the focus of Latin America
Suburbanization weaker
In a Latin American city, wealth typically decreases as one moves outward from the downtown area
Typically squatter settlements and rings of poverty are found in rings outside of the CBD
Zones of squatter settlements are called Perifericos
Other zones
Zone of in situ accretion
A region transitioning towards maturity and development that is a mix of middle-income and lower- income families
Zone of maturity
Includes services and infrastructural development
Latin American City Structure Model