4. Imperialistic rivalries- fight over colonies System of alliances
Economic rivalries
Imperialistic rivalries- fight over colonies
System of alliances
Triple Alliance- Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy
Triple Entente- France, Russia, Great Britain
Arms race
Britain- the Dreadnought
Germany- naval buildup
France- military spending

5. Inflexibility in war plans- Schlieffen Plan
Political weakness of Austro-Hungarian Empire
Balkan Wars of 1912 and 1913
Rise of Pan-Slavism supported by Russia
Brinkmanship diplomacy

6. Franco-Prussian War (18701)- loss of Alsace and Lorraine and revanche
Germany’s fear of encirclement
Mobilization
Reliance on reserves
Fear
Cost

7. Inflexibility in war plans- Schlieffen Plan
Political weakness of Austro-Hungarian Empire
Balkan Wars of 1912 and 1913
Rise of Pan-Slavism supported by Russia
Brinkmanship diplomacy

8. Archduke Ferdinand and Family
The Black Hand
Pan-Slavism
Archduke Ferdinand- heir to the throne
Serbian Secret Police support
Archduke Ferdinand and Family

9. The Archduke Ferdinand and wife visit Sarajevo

10. Austria- demands justice from Serbia
Serbia rejects demands
Austria mobilizes for war
Russia mobilizes for war
Germany and France mobilize for war
Germany initiates Schlieffen Plan
Britain chooses to join France based on “neutral” Belgium claim

11. Kaiser Wilhelm II
King George V Tsar Nicholas II

12. Schlieffen Plan
Fix French army on border
Attack France through neutral Belgium
Defeat France before Russian mobilization
Confront Russia

20. Post WWI Mandates
Mandates- A fter World War I ended in 1918, certain colonies and territories
were taken from the defeated nations and placed under the administration of one or more
of the victorious nations. These areas were called mandated territories. The League of
Nations, a forerunner of the United Nations (UN), supervised the governing countries in
the administration of the territories. The League expected the governing countries to
improve living conditions in the territories, and to prepare the people for self government.
Britain received mandates for Mesopotamia (later renamed Iraq); Tanganyika (now part
of Tanzania); and Palestine. Palestine was later divided into Palestine and Transjordan
(later renamed Jordan). France received Syria, which was later divided into Syria and
Lebanon. Both Britain and France were given parts of the Cameroons and Togoland.
Belgium received Ruanda-Urundi. Japan was given German islands in the North Pacific
Ocean. Australia received German islands in the South Pacific, including the
northeastern section of New Guinea and Nauru. New Zealand received Western Samoa,
and the Union of South Africa (now called South Africa) got German Southwest Africa
(now called Namibia).
The mandate system ended in By that time, several mandated territories, including
Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, and Jordan, had become independent countries. The remaining
territories, except Namibia, were placed under the stronger United Nations trusteeship
system. The same countries continued to administer the territories, but they were under
the control of the UN. Namibia became independent in 1990

21. WW 1 Secret Treaties: Sykes-Picot Agreement [1916]

22. British Palestine Mandate in 1923

23. The Middle East in the 1920s

24. German Pacific Colonies [1914]

25. League of Nations Mandates in Africa

26. New Nations &Territories After WW I

28. The Post-WWI World

30. The End of WWI – End of Death?
War ends November 1918
Casualties disrupt European societies- France & Serbia 10%
Spanish Flu pandemic killed million (more than Black Death)
US had over 600,000 dead, India 12.5 million
Flu most deadly ages 20-40
Why did flu spread so rapidly?

31. The End of WWI
Russia embroiled in brutal civil war between Bolsheviks (Reds) and anti-Bolsheviks (Whites)
Britain, France, US, and Japan send troops to Russia – mixed motives

32. Results of Treaty Billions in reparations Occupation of Rhineland
Occupation of Industrial areas
Germany - Weimar Republic
New European states carved out of Germany, Russia, and Austro-Hungarian Empire

34. Post-War Europe Wilson’s failure – League of Nations
US Senate does not ratify Treaty
Wilson suffers stroke- power?
Italy- Libya and Ethiopia
Japan- Manchuria
Differences with UN?

35. Asia Japan gains Germany’s Asian colonies
German Samoa taken by Australia/NZ
China declared war on Germany in gains nothing
Japan demands more from China- Nationalist Chinese making gains
Ho Chi Minh seeks Vietnamese independence
Self-determination only for Europe?

37. The Middle East
The Ottoman Empire disintegrated- New Turkish state 1923
Arabs helped Allies in return for promises of independence- monarchies of Saudi Arabia, Iraq, and Iran created by Britain
Remaining Ottoman lands divided between Britain and France
Balfour declaration (1917) gives support for a Jewish state

39. India (South Asia)
Indian troops saw action on side of allies in Africa, Middle East, and the Western Front
Hoped wartime participation would lead to self-government
British refusal to give up India led to rise of Indian nationalists (Gandhi)

40. Africa Change of ownership of colonies
Service of colonial troops in WWI leads to demands for freedom
Rise of nationalist groups

41. The Great Depression – Laying the Groundwork (1920s)
War-induced inflation
Overproduction = lower prices
Colonial overproduction = decreased demand for manufactured goods
Protectionism: tariffs, closed markets

42. The Great Depression – Stock Market Crash
October NY stock market crashed
European loans called in
US & European banks fail
Investment funds dry up
Industrial production falls accompanied by unemployment and lower wages

43. The Great Depression – World Impact
Russia:
Communist Russia protected from depression due to isolation from world
Rapid, forced industrial growth (5 Year Plans)

44. The Great Depression – World Impact
Latin America:
Decline in exports caused high unemployment
Stimulated greater government direction of economies

45. The Great Depression – World Impact
Japan:
Dependent on exports to pay for raw materials
Severe unemployment (3 million)
Value of exports drop 50 percent
Depression increased suspicion of the West and spurred expansion into Asia to secure additional markets

46. Americas Europe Africa Asia Middle East
United States congress does not agrees to join League of nations
Depression hits
Latin American cash crops fall in price
Spread of socialist and communist ideas
Fear of future wars
Mexican revolution part II for peasant land redistribution
Roosevelt corollary continues
Versailles treaty leaves out Central powers. France and Great Britain wishes to punish Germany. Europe suffers from Great depression because of War costs.
Russia signs omitted because of Communist Revolution 1917.
Ottoman and Austria-Hungary divided into new territories (self-determination)
“lost generation” leads to fear of future wars
Rise of totalitarian dictators (Hitler, Stalin, Mussolini, Franco)
Many promised independence if they fought for their colonizers (did not get it) . Taught them how to kill “white people”
Inspired nationalist sentiment which would eventually lead to decolonization after WWII
Many given mandate or protectorate status after war
Many were at the Versailles conference but received nothing
Colonization will continue
India and Viet Nam would gain nationalist ambitions but would not see independence until after the second war.
Japan recognized as a player which would eventually cede territories in the South Pacific which once belonged to Germany. Inspires imperialist ambitions.
China disregarded and created civil chaos and May fourth movement (unintended) to inspire students to fight for more rights (like the 1989 Tiananmen square protests)
Saudi Arabia the only independent nation from the Ottoman Empire which gains popular sovereignty
Most become British or French Mandates (technically still under their control) because of oils in region
Turkey gains independence as a secular state
Balfour Declaration (British promise of an independent Jewish homeland) fuels Zionism (not realized until 1948)
Sykes-Picot agreement (secret agreement between France and Great Britain to create an independent Palestine) unfulfilled but continued Pan-Arab nationalism

47. Comparing Impacts of Post WWI on Areas outside of Europe
After WWI both the Middle East and South Asia struggled with nationalists endeavors and the need for self-determination and gaining headway in various legislative bodies (Saudi independence and Indian National Congress), both would struggle as British powers would send troops to protect their interests often with dire consequences (Amritsar massacre,Palestinain Israeli conflict) however, the civil disobedience movement led by Mohandas Gandhi would see an independent India by 1947 while oil revenues would see “Western” intests remain for the next half century.
In Africa and Latin America after world war one, nationalists uprisings to ward off “western” hegemony would continue as the war exposed vulnerabilities of the West, both would suffer economic catastrophe as the worldwide depression would see the cash crop exports decline. Latin America, however, was not directly involved so American economic imperialism would continue while the African aim of understanding how to kill “white” people would propel their desire for self determination through the next century.
In East Asia and the Americas, two noteworthy powers would gain influence at the Peace negotiations in Versaisselle influencing colonial acquisition (Japan received all Germany’s Pacific colonies) and U.S would have Wilson’s 14 points advocated, both would continue industrialization and imperialization, however Japan would see less die in the Spanish influenza while the U.S would lose nearly 600,000 due to involvement in the war.