1. Examination of Urine: Detection and Estimation of Some Abnormal Constituents.

2. I) The use of test-strips

3. Nitrate Arsinalic acid + Nitrate Coloured Compound
Abnormal nitrite values may indicative of
Urinary tract infection
Bacterial infection
E Coli
Salmonella
Citrobacter
Proteus
Clebsiella

4. Protein Indicator for renal disease. Large amount nephritic syndrome
Small amount (hematouria) acute urinary tract infection
Intermediate amount
chorionic renal disease.
The indicator : tetrabromophenol blue

5. pH (methyl red and bromothymol blue) Normal 5.5-8
Drugs may change the urine pH.
Bacterial infection alkaline urine.

6. Glucose
Glucose ( filtered by glomeruli +re-absorbed by renal tubules )
Re-absorption depend on :-
Level of glucose in filtrate
Urinary flow rate
Capability of cellular system to transfer the glucose from the tubule
Renal threshold :
180mg /dl
Diabetes mellitus (DM)

7. Ketones Uncontrolled DM Starvation Weight reducing diet Ascorbic acid
Therapeutic doses of Vit C

8. Bilirubin
This test is based on the coupling of bilirubin with 2.4-dichlorobenzene diazonium salt in a strong acid medium
Biliary obstruction
Infective hepatitis

9. Urobilinogen Blood Jaundice due to hemolytic disease
×Lower urinary tract bleeding

10. II) Detection of Amino acids
The individual amino acids are filtered by the glomeruli but the urinary concentration is normally quite low because they are actively reabsorbed by the renal tubules.
In severe liver disease, protein synthesis and deamination of amino acids are reduced leading to increased excretion.
In cystinuria, phenylketonuria and alkaptonuria, urinary cystine, phenylalanine and tyrosine levels increase respectively.

11. Detection of Amino acids

12. III) QUANTITAIVE ESTIMATION OF Protein IN uRINe
Proteinuria may be benign or pathological
Benign proteinuria
postural
excessive exercise
high or low temperature
during pregnancy
Pathological proteinuria
Pre-renal (2g/24hr)
hypertension
Heart failure
Sever anaemia
Primary renal
Renal failure (10-24g/dl)
Tubular reabsorption (2g/24hr)
Post-renal ( small amount )
U.T.I , stones