1. VENUS INTERNATIONAL COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY
SURVEYING
(39) PATEL RUCHIR
(40) PATHAN ZAMEER
(41) PRAJAPATI DINESH
(42) PRAJAPATI PANKAJ
GUIDED BY:- MEGHA SHAH

2. is provided, are tangential to the curve.
Simple Circular Curve
Once the alignment of a route is finalized, such as AVCD in Figure, the change in direction is achieved through provision of circular curves. In Figure, to change the direction from AV to VC, a circular curve T1 GT2 is provided. Similarly, from VC to CD, T'1G'T'2 is provided. The straight alignments, between which a curve
is provided, are tangential to the curve.
Thus, AT1 V and VT2C are tangential to T1 GT2 . The tangent line before the beginning of the curve is called the Back tangent or the rear tangent. The tangent line after the end of the curve is called the Forward tange
nt .

4. Elements of a Simple Circular Curve
Let T1GT2 be the circular curve that has been provided between the tangents AV and VC. The deflection angle, D between the tangents is measured in the field.
The radius of curvature is the design value as per requirement of the route operation and field topography. The line joining O and V bisects the internal angles at V and at O, the chord T1T2 and arc T1GT2 . It is perpendicular to the chord T1T2 at F. From the Figure 37.1, RT1 O T2 = D and

6. Tangent Length T = length T1 V = length T2
Chainages of tangent point : The chainage of the point of intersection (V) is generally known. Thus,
Chainageof T1 = Chainage of V - tangent length (T)
Chainage of T2 = Chainage of T1 + length of curve (l)
Length of the long chord (L) : Length of the long chord,
L = length T1 FT2
External distance (E) :
E = length VG
= VO - GO
Mid-ordinate (M) :
M = length GF = OG-OF

7. Designation of a Curve
A curve is designated either in terms of its degree (D) or by its radius (R).

8. Degree of Curve
The degree of a curve (D) is defined as the angle subtended at the centre of the curve by a chord or an arc of specified length.

9. Chord Definition
The degree of a curve is defined as the angle subtended at the centre of the curve by a chord of 30 m length.
Let D be the degree of a curve i.e., it is the angle subtended at its centre O by a chord C1C2 of 30 m length.

10. Radius of Curve
In this convention, a curve is designated by its radius. The sharpness of the curve depends upon its radius. A sharp curve has a small radius. On the other hand, a flat curve has a large radius. Moreover, from, it can be found that the degree of curve is inversely proportional to the radius of curve. Thus, a sharp curve has a large degree of curve, whereas a flat curve has a small degree of curve.

11. Fundamental Geometry of Circular Curve
The fundamentals of geometry of a circular curve those required to understand the fundamentals of laying out of a circular curve are as follows:
Rule 1 : The angle subtended by any chord at the centre of the circle is twice the angle between the chord and a tangent at one of its ends. For example, in Figure, the angle subtended by the chord AB at the centre of the circle, RAOB (d) is twice the angle RVAB between the chord AB and the tangent AV at end A (d / 2).
Rule 2 : Inscribed angles subtended by the same or equal arc or chord are equal. In Figure 37.4, inscribed angles at C and E subtended by the chord AB are equal and both are (d / 2).
Rule 3 : Inscribed angle subtended by the same or equal arc or chord is half the angle subtended (by the arc or chord) at the centre of the circle. In Figure, the inscribed angles at C and E (d / 2) is half the angle subtended by the chord AB at the centre of the circle, AOB (d).
Rule 4 : The deflection angle between a tangent (at any point on a circle) and a chord is equal to the angle which the chord subtends in the alternate segment. For example, in Figure 37.4, the deflection angle at D from the tangent at A (RVAD) is equal to the angle subtended by the chord AD at B (RABD) i.e., RVAD = RABD.