1. Note
Final Exam-please check final schedule
Final exam- please take advantage of the full 3 hours and do not hesitate to ask for clarification
Notes on internet are not a complete transcript

2. Note
Nutrition Principles of Nutrition in
Metabolism-Winter 2018
Nutrition 2104-Introduction to Nutrition
Fall 2017
Nutrition 2107-Introduction to Sports Nutrition-Winter 2018

3. Lecture March 2017
Minor Minerals and Water

4. Lists of sources, functions, deficiencies and toxicities are not complete

5. Iron
Functions-oxygen transport (muscle and blood), part of enzyme function
Sources-red meats, beef liver, fortified cereals and bread
Deficiencies-lower immunity, weakness
Toxicities-greater risk of infection, organ damage

6. Zinc
Functions-tissue growth and wound healing, part of many enzyme functions, vitamin A transport
Sources-meat, poultry, fish, eggs, whole grains, milk
Deficiencies-abnormal glucose tolerance, impaired wound healing, night blindness
Toxicities-anemia, elevated LDL-c and lowered HDL-c, impaired calcium absorption

7. Iodine
Functions-part of hormones that regulate growth, development and metabolic rate
Sources- iodised salt, seafood, bread
Deficiencies-weight gain, lethargy
Toxicities-enlarged thyroid gland

8. Selenium
Functions-works as an antioxidant with vitamin E
Sources-grains grown on selenium rich soil, seafood, liver, kidney
Deficiencies-atherosclerosis
Toxicities-nausea, vomiting, nerve damage

9. Copper
Functions-production of haemoglobin, component of several enzymes, energy metabolism
Sources-organ meats, seafood, nuts, seeds
Deficiencies-rare- anemia
Toxicities-vomiting, diarrhea

10. Manganese
Functions-component of enzymes involved in fat synthesis, growth, reproduction and blood clotting
Sources-widely distributed in foods, best sources are whole grains, tea, pineapple, and strawberries
Deficiencies-rare
Toxicities-rare-nervous system disorders

11. Fluoride
Functions-formation of tooth enamel, prevention of dental decay, bone formation
Sources-fluoridated water and tea
Deficiencies-dental decay, increased risk of osteoporosis
Toxicities-mottling of teeth, nausea, vomiting

13. Chromium
Functions-assists in insulin function
Sources-meat, whole grains, nuts, cheese
Deficiencies-insulin resistance, impaired glucose tolerance
Toxicities-dietary toxicity unknown, occupationally chromium dust damages liver and kidneys

14. Molybdenum
Functions-component of many enzymes, works with riboflavin to incorporate iron into hemoglobin
Sources-milk, legumes, bread, milk, grains
Deficiencies-unknown
Toxicities-occupational exposures causes gout-elevated uric acid in blood-cause arthritis

15. Water

16. Functions of Water
Provides shape and structure to cells
Regulates body temperature
Aids in digestion and absorption of nutrients
Transports nutrients and oxygen to cells

17. Functions of Water
Serves as solvent for vitamins, minerals, glucose, and amino acids
Participates in chemical reactions
Major component of mucous and other lubricating fluids

18. Requirements
1450 to 2800 ml daily
Losses/day
Perspiration to 900 ml
Exhalations ml
Urine ml
Faeces 150 ml
Total 1450 to 2800 ml/day
 Therefore intake must match losses

19. The actual water requirement is highly variable and is increased by:
-very hot or very cold environmental temperatures
-high altitude
-strenuous exercise
-lactation
-pregnancy

20. The actual water requirement is highly variable and is increased by:
-long exposures to recycled air – eg airplane flights
-vomiting
-diarrhea
-fever
-high fibre

21. The actual water requirement is highly variable and is increased by:
-thermal injuries
-uncontrolled diabetes
-certain kidney problems

22. Dehydration-
-defined as a loss of 1 % or more of body weight due to water loss
-for a 150 lb person this means 1.5 pounds
-for a 70 kg person this means 700 grams
-480 ml of water weighs 1 pound
-1000 ml of water weighs 1 kg = pounds

23. -early signs of dehydration include:
-headache
-fatigue
-loss of appetite
-flushed skin
-heat intolerance

24. early signs of dehydration include:
-light headedness
-dry mouth and eyes
-dark scanty urine

25. Dehydration
-leads to delirium and death when the water loss exceeds 10 % of body weight

26. Fluid overload
Rare because kidney usually gets rid of excess
Impaired fluid output and sodium retention are associated with:
-renal failure
-congestive heart failure
-certain drug therapies (eg steroids)
-liver disease

27. Sources
Drinking water
Juices
Milk
Pop
Coffee
Tea

28. Sources
Meats
Lettuce
Vegetables
Whole wheat bread
Metabolism

29. Encouraging adequate fluid intake
drink before thirsty
-choose liquids that appeal to one
-keep water nearby
-make water available during meals

30. Encouraging adequate fluid intake
-drink a glass of water before meals- weight control- blunts appetite
-buy bottled water versus pop- sugar issue
-bottled water in lunches
-drink low fat (up to 2 % B.F.) milk

31. Encouraging adequate fluid intake
-add lemon or lime wedges to water drinks
-eat enough fruits and vegetables
-drink extra fluids before during and after exercise (next lecture)
-herbal tea and decaffeinated tea and coffee to some extent in place of caffeine containing drinks