1. What is meant by “A case of mistaken identity”?
Give an example.

2. The Immune System Makes Mistakes
attacks harmless
foreign substances
attacks the body’s own tissues and organs
autoimmune disease
allergies

3. Allergies
What are the symptoms of an allergic reaction?

4. Allergy Symptoms What foreign substances cause allergies?
Allergens – allergy-causing antigens
Dust
Mites
Pollen
Foods
Animal Hair

5. Allergy
a rapid overreaction to an antigen (allergen) that is not normally harmful

6. Histamines What is causing all these symptoms?
part of the inflammatory response
released by cells stimulated by
antigen (allergen)
dilates blood vessels
increases the permeability of the capillaries to white blood cells and some proteins
allows them to engage pathogens in the infected tissues

7. Histamines

8. How do Antihistamines Work?
What is it doing?
blocks histamine receptor
cell
receptor

9. Autoimmune Disease
condition in which the immune system mistakenly attacks the body’s own organs and tissues

10. Autoimmune Diseases juvenile diabetes rheumatoid arthritis
multiple sclerosis (MS)
lupus
rheumatic fever

11. Why would the body attack itself?
What is the mistake made by the immune system?
Hint: In order for the immune system to be
successful in defending the body, what two
things must it be able to distinguish?

12. The basis of immunity
is in the body’s ability to distinguish between its own substances (“itself”) and foreign substances (“nonself”)

13. “Self molecules” (“I.D. tags”)

14. Autoimmune Disease Why does this happen?
immune system fails to recognize
some of the body’s tissues as “self”
- Like a “case of mistaken identity”
Why does this happen?

15. Hypothetical Factors Influencing Autoimmune Disease
infections
aging
chronic stress
hormones

16. Rheumatic fever
caused by a bacteria (strep)
triggers an immune response against heart and joint tissues

17. individual produces antibodies to antigens of strep bacteria
strep antigens are structurally similar to antigens of the heart
anti-strep antibodies attack sites on the heart, damage the heart muscle and heart valves.

20. Rheumatoid Arthritis

21. Rheumatoid Arthritis
White blood cell attack leads to the destruction of cartilage and bone in the joint

22. Rheumatoid Arthritis
white blood cells attack cells inside joint capsule producing inflammation
inflammation causes cells of capsule to grow and divide abnormally
abnormal cells destroy cartilage and bone in the joint

24. Pancreatic cells
Islets of Langerhans
Pancreatic cells under attack by white blood cells

25. (Type I diabetes mellitus)
Juvenile Diabetes
(Type I diabetes mellitus)
Antibodies destroy insulin-producing cells of pancreas

26. Normal nerve fiber
MS nerve fiber

27. Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
White blood cells attack and damage nerve cells
Damage interferes with messages between nerves and the body

28. Lupus

29. Lupus
antibodies attack nucleic acids and cell organelles such as ribosomes and mitochondria

30. Lupus
virus might trigger the disease in genetically susceptible individuals
inflammation and damage to various body tissues
joints, skin, kidneys, heart, lungs, blood vessels, brain

31. Vaccine
– a weakened or dead pathogen put into the body to stimulate the production of antibodies and the primary immune response

32. How might a vaccine induce an autoimmune disease?
antigen similar to substance in body?

34. Treating Autoimmune Disease
immunosuppressive drugs and steroids
Problems
infections
not specific

35. Autoimmunity
vs.
Immunodeficiency

36. What is this?
Antibody

37. Active Immunity Passive Immunity
You make You don’t make
the antibodies the antibodies
Exposure to antigen
- injection
- breastfeeding
- vaccine
- infection
In some cultures it is normal for babies to be breast-fed for up to 4 years!

38. Benefits of Breastfeeding
Breast milk:
provides ideal nutrients for infants (vitamins, protein, and fat) in a form more easily digested than infant formula
contains antibodies that help your baby fight off viruses and bacteria
lowers the baby's risk of having asthma or allergies
babies who are breastfed exclusively for the first 6 months, without any formula, have fewer infections
(ear infections, respiratory illnesses, bouts of diarrhea, hospitalizations and trips to the doctor.)

39. Benefits of Breastfeeding
Breastfeeding has been linked to higher
IQ scores in later childhood in some studies. 
Physical closeness, skin-to-skin touching,
and eye contact all help baby bond with
mother
Infants are more likely to gain the right amount of weight as they grow rather than become overweight children.
May also plays a role in the prevention of SIDS (sudden infant death syndrome).
May lower the risk of diabetes, obesity, and cancer

40. Benefits of Breastfeeding
burns extra calories, so it can help mom lose pregnancy weight faster. 
releases the hormone oxytocin, which helps the mother’s uterus return to its pre-pregnancy size and may reduce uterine bleeding after birth.
lowers mother’s risk of breast and ovarian cancer.
may lower mother’s risk of osteoporosis
saves time and money (you don't have to buy and measure formula, sterilize nipples, or warm bottles)
gives mom regular time to relax quietly with her newborn as they bond.

41. Active immunity
Passive Immunity

46. When the boy got infected the first time his primary immune response was activated and he made antibodies to attack the antigen. His immune cells divided and left behind memory cells. When he got infected the second time his memory cells made the secondary immune response fight the disease faster and stronger, so he didn’t even get sick.

50. myelinated
demyelinated

51. Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
Myelin protein surrounding nerve cells is attacked and destroyed
nerve impulses are slowed or blocked

53. Rheumatic fever
can occur following untreated streptococcus (strep) infection
most often affects children causing painful, inflamed joints
in some cases, permanent damage to heart valves.