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Developing Management Skills
Managing Personal Stress 1
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"What is there in your life right now that can possibly give you stress?”. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall
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8,748 Korean school children
67 % said they experience a lot of stress in their lives, and 11 % tremendous stress. Only 4.6 % said they are not stressed. School uniform Smart poll 2017 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall
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Around half of the respondents said the most stress comes from their studies. Next were friends (15 percent) and family (11 percent). Asked what changes they hope for to reduce stress, around 42 percent said not to be compared with other people all the time. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall
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Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall
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Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall
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Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall
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Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall
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Daddy You, Daughter Me (2017)
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall
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Learning Objectives Adopt strategies for eliminating stressors
Enhance level of personal resilience Utilize appropriate temporary coping responses 10
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Management of Stress and Time
Costs US economy $500 billion annually Stress related problems at work include: Absenteeism Turnover Job Dissatisfaction Accidents Physical Health of Employees 11
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The Role of Management Ineffective Management Employee Stress
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Three Stages of Reactions to Stress
Stage 1) Alarm: increase in anxiety, fear, sorrow or loss. Stage 2) Resistance: attempt to control stress using defense mechanism. Stage 3) Exhaustion: stop trying to defend against stress. 13
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Stress Defense Mechanisms
Aggression Regression Repression Withdrawal Fixation 14
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A General Model of Stress
Insert Figure 2.2 15
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Managing Stress A Hierarchy of Approaches Enactive Strategies: Eliminate stressors Proactive Strategies: Develop resiliency strategies Reactive Strategies: Learn temporary coping strategies 16
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Physiological Consequences of Stress
Insert Figure 2.3 17
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Four Sources of Stress Time Stressors Encounter Stressors
Situational Stressors Anticipatory Stressors 18
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Types of Stressors Time Stressors Encounter Stressors Work overload
Lack of control Encounter Stressors Role conflicts Issue conflicts Action conflicts 19
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Types of Stressors Situational Stressors Anticipatory Stressors
Unfavorable working conditions Rapid change Anticipatory Stressors Unpleasant expectations Fear 20
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Eliminating Stressors
Insert Table 2.3 21
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Effective Time Management
Spending time on important matters Distinguishing between important tasks versus urgent tasks Focus on results rather than methods Not feeling guilty when saying “no” 22
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Types of Activities that Determine Time Use
Insert figure 2.4 23
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Efficient Time Management
40 Techniques for Time Management 20 apply to all aspects of life 20 apply to management 24
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Collaboration Eliminating encounter stress through membership in a stable, close-knit group or community. 25
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Emotional Bank Accounts
A metaphor which compares investments in relationships to deposits and withdrawals in bank accounts. The more people interact positively, the more deposits are made. 26
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Four Dimensions of Social Intelligence
An accurate perception of other’s emotional and behavioral responses. The ability to cognitively and emotionally relate to the responses of others. Social knowledge Social problem solving 27
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Work Redesign Effectively eliminating stress and increasing productivity by changing aspects of work. To eliminate stressors at work: combine tasks form identifiable work units establish customer relationships increase decision-making authority open feedback channels 28
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Eliminating Anticipatory Stressors through Goal Setting
Insert figure 2.5 29
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Small Wins Strategy Identify something under your control
Change it in a way that leads toward desired goal Find another small thing to change and change it Keep track of changes made Maintain the small gains made through change 30
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Resiliency The capacity to withstand or manage the negative effects of stress, to bounce back from adversity, and endure difficult situations. 31
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Balancing Life Activities
Insert figure 2.6 32
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Resiliency: Moderating the Effects of Stress
Physiological Resiliency Psychological Resiliency Social Resiliency Cardiovascular conditioning Proper diet Balanced lifestyle Hardy personality Small-wins strategy Supportive social relations Mentors Teamwork 33
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Benefits of Regular Exercise
Maintaining optimal weight Increasing psychological well being Improving the cardiovascular system 34
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You Are What You Eat! Eat a variety of foods Maintain optimal weight
Reduce fat intake Eat more whole foods Reduce sugar and sodium intake Avoid alcohol and caffeine Take vitamins and supplements Make eating a relaxing time 35
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Hardiness Exert control over aspects of your life
Get involved; become committed to a cause See change as a new challenge, not as a threat 36
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Type A Personality Extreme competitiveness
Strong desires for achievement Haste Impatience Restlessness Hyperalertness Explosiveness of speech 37
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Negative Effects of Type A Personality
Heart disease Stress related illness (i.e. low emotional involvement) Reduced ability to develop hardiness 38
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Antidotes for Type A’s Small wins strategy Deep-relaxation strategies
meditation yoga self-hypnosis biofeedback 39
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Temporary Stress Reduction Techniques
Physiological Techniques Muscle relaxation Deep breathing Psychological Techniques Imagery and fantasy Rehearsal Reframing 40
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Behavioral Guidelines
Use time effectively by basing your time management program on a personal mission statement Build collaborative relationships with individuals based on trust Work to improve your emotional intelligence Redesign your work to increase skill variety, importance, task identity, autonomy, and feedback 41
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Behavioral Guidelines
Give important activities priority over urgent ones Increase your resiliency by leading a balanced life Increase physical resiliency by engaging in regular exercise and healthy eating Increase psychological resiliency through a small-wins strategy Learn and practice a deep-relaxation technique 42
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Behavioral Guidelines
Increase social resiliency by forming an open, trusting relationship with at least one other person Establish a teamwork relationship with your coworkers Learn and practice at least two short-term relaxation techniques 43
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