1. The commercialization journey of Multicam.
Ettienne Cox
Thank you, any questions? -- feel free to discuss this subject anytime when you see me thanks again.
Ettienne Cox

2. Multicam Commercialization Current status Future prospects
Content
CSIR Where do we fit in
Multicam background
Multicam Commercialization
Current status
Future prospects
In this presentation I will cover the following points:
I will briefly say something about the CSIR
I will describe Corona measurement
The next point will be about the calibration of the corona camera
I will provide our conclusion.
There will be time for questions at the end of the presentation.

3. CSIR mandate
“The objects of the CSIR are, through directed and particularly multidisciplinary research and technological innovation, to foster, in the national interest and in fields which in its opinion should receive preference, industrial and scientific development, either by itself or in co-operation with principals from the private or public sectors, and thereby to contribute to the improvement of the quality of life of the people of the Republic ...”
(Scientific Research Council Act 46 of 1988, amended by Act 71 of 1990)‏

5. CSIR’s Operating Unit Structure
Bioscience
Built Environment
(BE)
Defence, Peace, Safety & Security
(DPSS)
Modelling & Digital Science
(MDS)
Meraka
Materials Science & Manufacturing
(MSM)
Natural Resources & the Environment
(NRE)
National Laser Centre
(NLC) 5

6. Manufacturing & Mechatronics
CSIR – Materials Science & Manufacturing Operating Unit
Competence Areas
Light Metals
Polymers
&
Composites
Micro -
Manufacturing & Mechatronics
Energy Materials
Sensor Science
&
Technology
Nano Centre
(NCNSM)
Research Groups a
Primary
Processes
Smart polymers
Mechatronics
Clean Energy
Technologies
Guided Wave Ultrasound
Advanced Nanocomposite Materials
Encapsulation & Delivery
Micro-
Manufacturing
Electrochemical
Energy
Technologies
Powder Metallurgy Technologies
Electro-optic
Sensing &
Imaging
Materials for Device Applications
Nonwovens & Composites
Advanced Casting Technologies
Sonar
Characterisn
Facility
Medical Ultrasound
Research Implementation
Sensor
Manufacturing
Technology Platforms
Titanium
Ultrasonics
Biocomposites
Energy materials
Encapsulation & delivery
Electro-optics
System integration
Aluminium
Smart polymers
Micro-manufacturing
Nanostructured materials

7. In 1991 Eskom contacted the CSIR’s Roel Stolper with this enquiry
What is the multicam & how was it conceived?
CSIR has being doing research into Corona detection for more than 20 years.
The first paper on day light corona detection was published in August 1997 by WL Vosloo & R Stolper.
In 2008 a spinoff company called Uvirco was formed.
In 1991 Eskom contacted the CSIR’s Roel Stolper with this enquiry
In essence, can you make the invisible visible?
The CSIR have being doing research into Corona, and the detection thereof for more than 20years, it has published numerous papers on the subject.
The CSIR also have patents relating to corona detection and corona cameras.
The first paper on day light corona detection was published in August 1997 by WL Vosloo & R Stolper.
In 2008 a spinoff company called Uvirco was formed
I am sure most of you have had contact with Riaan from Uvirco.
Your will see that my presentation overlap with the one Riaan presented this morning.
Uvirco supply the CoroCAM range of corona cameras that is used all over the world for corona detection.
Uvirco supply the CoroCAM range of corona cameras that is well established in the field and accepted internationally.

8. CoroCAM range
Today’s corona camera technology is sensitive enough to reveal all forms of corona discharges in the ultraviolet spectrum i.e. the camera sensitivity performance is no longer in question. The available corona cameras on the market are so sensitive that they would reveal Pico Coulomb discharges.
The requirement in the industry now, is a way to interpret these recordings or counts and to establish how one interprets these recordings from a maintenance perspective. Should the electrical part shown previously be refurbished or replaced? Whatever decision is taken, it costs money and a wrong decision may cost the utility company a lot of money, especially if there is a major line outage.
Corona detection camera technology is in the same position today that IR cameras were, where the industry needs cameras that can measure and quantify the observed corona in quantifiable/physical units.
The pictures shows the evolution of the corona camera as it has been improved by the CSIR
form the early days when it looked like it was designed for STAR WARS.
up to the latest model that we working on that will be quantified.

9. QUVIR
The current corona camera technology has reached a high level of sensitivity.
Industry needs a corona camera that is quantified.
Today’s corona camera technology is sensitive enough to reveal all forms of corona discharges in the ultraviolet spectrum i.e. the camera sensitivity performance is no longer in question. The available corona cameras on the market are so sensitive that they would reveal Pico Coulomb discharges.
The requirement in the industry now, is a way to interpret these recordings or counts and to establish how one interprets these recordings from a maintenance perspective. Should the electrical part shown previously be refurbished or replaced? Whatever decision is taken, it costs money and a wrong decision may cost the utility company a lot of money, especially if there is a major line outage.
Corona detection camera technology is in the same position today that IR cameras were, where the industry needs cameras that can measure and quantify the observed corona in quantifiable/physical units.
The pictures shows the evolution of the corona camera as it has been improved by the CSIR
form the early days when it looked like it was designed for STAR WARS.
up to the latest model that we working on that will be quantified.

10. The Eskom / CSIR / Uvirco Story
- The Physics!
How easy is it to detect the Corona UV discharges from a power line?
Spectral Irradiance of the Sun versus Corona UV
/ 104
Stolper & team chose to work at the 340 & 360 nm lines

11. The Eskom / CSIR / Uvirco Story
- The first prototypes are developed
By 1993, a first prototype had been developed and so the “CoroCAM” range of Corona detection cameras were born
CoroCAM I was designed for night time use in order to avoid the solar UV that would have dominated the much smaller Corona UV signals
Updated versions of the CoroCAM I were sold through to 2010
Early clients included power utilities, insulator manufacturers and researchers as far afield as France, Thailand, Argentina and the USA.

12. The Eskom / CSIR / Uvirco Story
- The cameras start to evolve
By 1994, a higher resolution camera had been developed, CoroCAM III
CoroCAM III was also a night time camera system
Updated versions of the CoroCAM III were sold through to 2009

13. Corona measurement
The current corona cameras counts the number of photons events impacting on its sensor.
108
160
Now we will look at corona measement.
How does the camera measure corona?
- A Corona camera measures the corona by counting the number of UV photons hitting its detector.
- The picture shown is a typical screen display from a corona camera.
In the picture a visual image of an electrical component with detected photons shown in red.
In the middle is a block that indicates the area in which the photons are counted.
The photon count is shown in the bottom right of the block.
- The second picture shows the same component BUT from a different distance.
And if we look at the photon count it differs in the two picture. It was 108 now it shows 160. -
Why is this?
The count is just an indication of the corona as various factors can influence the number of photons reaching the camera detector.
This different photon counts confirm the need to quantify and calibrate the corona camera.
Some of the factors that may influence the number of photons reaching the camera detector are:
Gain and losses of the camera
Distance from corona source
The way the photons are counted
Atmospheric pressure
Humidity
Aerosols
temperature
This situation with the different counts may confuse the line inspector as the reason for the difference is not clearly understood, making it difficult for the inspector to interpret the counts and make a judgement call on the integrity of the part.
The question raised then is, should the part be replaced or not or maybe just cleaned.
Two different photon counts from same object.
To replace or not?

14. Evolution of the night-time, high resolution UV imaging system
Uvirco – A CSIR High Tech Start Up
- Streamlining over time of the night-time product range
Evolution of the night-time, high resolution UV imaging system
CoroCAM I
CoroCAM III
CoroCAM 6N
(Developed by Uvirco)

15. Corona measurement
Corona detection cameras are currently where IR cameras were 20 years ago.
20 years back IR cameras were also not quantified.
- IR cameras were initially developed for the military to provide a critical night vision capability to armed forces.
It took a long time before the IR technology was widely accepted and used for industrial applications. The early IR cameras were low resolution cameras which showed a thermal image without any temperature measurement.
The response from the industry to this new IR technology was that it was useful, but they weren’t sure how it would it assist them from a maintenance perspective if the camera did not quantify the temperature.
In short, maintenance engineers needed a camera that measured absolute temperature. The industry pushed infrared camera developers and manufacturers to provide cameras that were quantified.
- Today IR cameras can record absolute temperatures of an object. Recordings can be saved, compared and interpreted. This technology response led to the rapid adoption of IR camera technology and massive growth in the industrial market.
Today the industrial market for IR cameras is way larger than the military market.

16. History of infrared detectors
Corona measurement
This graph shows the increase in the industrial market for IR cameras.
History of infrared detectors
A. ROGALSKI
Institute of Applied Physics, Military University of Technology, 2 Kaliskiego Str.,
00–908 Warsaw, Poland

17. Corona measurement Corona camera needs to be calibrated.
Electrical component
with unknown power loss due to corona
An unknown amount of UV photons will reach the corona camera
The corona camera must quantify the corona
An unknown amount of UV photons will be created by the corona
- In order for the corona camera to be quantifiable it must be calibrated.
- Shown are some of the challenges, camera designers have to solve, in order to quantify the camera.
There are a few unknowns shown here
- There is an Electrical component with unknown power loss due to corona
- An unknown amount of UV photons will be created by the corona
- An unknown amount of UV photons will reach the corona camera
Thus calibrating the camera is needed for the quantification

18. Camera calibration – Corona phenomenon
Corona is an excitation-ionisation phenomenon.
Before looking at the calibration of the camera we have to look at the corona phenomenon and its spectrum
Corona is an excitation-ionisation phenomenon that radiates UV photons.
If we look at the Corona and Solar Spectrum we can see the following:
The solar radiation – shown in blue
Corona spectrum – shown in red
Below 300nm there is little to no solar radiation and this is called the solar blind spectrum.
The purple line shows the Corona radiation (x100) in the solar blind spectrum
In order to use the corona camera in daylight there is a solar blind filter that filters out the sun’s radiation
This filter centre is at a wavelength of 260nm
The solar filter is shown in – cyan (light blue)   
If the solar filter is applied to the corona spectrum the resulting corona spectrum will look as follows:
It has a peak at 259nm.

19. Camera calibration – Corona phenomenon
Different viewpoints
Camera designer viewpoint
Corona source
Photons
Photons/sec/m2 or Watts/m2 (Output)
Photon Flux
Photon Flux
Corona Camera
Electrical Engineer’s viewpoint
Volts and Amperes (Input)
V * I = Watts
There are different viewpoints when looking at Corona formation and detection
We have the electrical Engineer’s viewpoint
From his viewpoint we have an input of watts in Volts and amps.
On the other hand we have the camera designer viewpoint
From the camera side the camera measures the photon flux and the camera can measure energy in photons
It can calculate the power in photons/sec/m2 or watts/m2 as the output of the camera
What is important to note is that the Watts from the electrical engineers viewpoint is not the same as the watts/m2 from the camera’s viewpoint
The total wattage loss due to corona is a sum of UV photon energy + audio energy + RF energy + Other energy
Watts ≠ Watts/m2
The total Watts loss = UV photon energy + audio energy +
RF energy + Other energy

20. Camera calibration – Corona photons
The energy of each corona photon is:
𝑄 𝜆 = ℎ𝑐 𝜆
Where
h is Planck’s constant = x (J.s)
c = speed of light = x 108 (m/s)
𝜆 = wavelength (m)
Next I will touch on the energy of a photon, in our case I will focus on a corona photon that have a wavelength of 259nm 
[3]
L. J. Pinson, Electro-optics, John Wiley & Sons, 1985.
From physics we get the formula shown here,
it shows that the energy of a photon is dependant on it wavelength
If we substitute the constants and the photon’s wavelength we get that the energy of a photon at 259nm is 7.67 X 10 to the power of -19 Joules.
For 1 watt of corona power we need 1.3 Billion x billion photons per second.
The energy for one corona photon 259 nm) is 7.67 x J,
this implies that to detect 1 Watt of UV photons hitting the cameras detector at least 1.3 billion x billion photons per second are required.

21. Camera calibration – The source
What calibration source to use?
Electrical source
DC/AC?
Point shape?
Environmental conditions?
Blackbody instrument
Radiates consistent power
Radiance can be precisely calculated
Blackbody
Point to Plane discharge
We have looked at Corona.
We have looked at the different viewpoints from the electrical engineer and the camera designer.
We have looked at the energy of a Corona photon.
Now we are going to look at calibrating the camera
The first question is what source we must use to calibrate the camera.
We need a source that is known and constant.
- One option of a source is an electrical source where power = Volts *Amps
- Picture shows a point to plate source that we used to do research on.
It was done at one of our local universities in Johannesburg.
There is a few un-certainties using a point-to-plate source:
Must we use DC or AC source?
What point shape must we use? The shape of the point makes a difference in when and how corona is formed.
The Environmental conditions also plays a roll,
If one compares calibrations done at sea-level and done at the main campus of CSIR, the CSIR is 1400m above sea-level, in feet that is about 4600 feet , compensation for the difference in attitude must be made.
Humidity and temperature also play a roll in corona forming.
- The next option of a blackbody instrument source.
A blackbody instrument is a instrument that is used in calibration laboratories. A blackbody is a perfect absorber and radiator of energy, with no reflecting power.
The advantage of using a blackbody as calibration source is:
It radiates consistent power
The radiance from the blackbody can be precisely calculated
Given the above the CSIR has decided for its own calibration purposes, to use a blackbody instrument to calibrate the cameras.
Given the above, the CSIR has decided for its own calibration purposes, to use a blackbody instrument to calibrate the cameras.

22. Camera calibration – Using a Blackbody
The power (radiance) of a blackbody of temperature T radiates according to Planck’s distribution law:
𝐿 𝜆 𝑇 = 2 𝑐 2 ℎ 𝜆 𝑒 𝑐 2 𝜆𝑇 −1
Or in photon flux:
𝑀 𝜆 𝑇 = 2𝜋𝑐 𝜆 𝑒 ℎ𝑐 𝜆𝑘𝑇 −1
Where
h is Planck’s constant = x (J.s)
c = speed of light = x 108 (m/s)
𝜆 = wavelength (m)
𝑐 2 = ℎ𝑐 𝑘 = x 104 µm-K
𝑇 = temperature in Kelvin
(Watts / m2.µm.sr)
(photons/s.m2.sr)
Using Planck’s distribution law shown here in the slide, we can precisely calculate the radiance power of the blackbody at a given temperature.
We can calculate the radiance in Watts/m2, the first formula
Or in photons/sec/m2, the second formula
 The Graph on right side shows radiance from black body for 3 different temperatures   
Thus using a blackbody the exact radiance power can be calculated.
Using a Blackbody the exact radiance power (Watts or Photon/s) can be calculated.

23. Camera calibration – Set-up
To do calibration of a corona camera the following must be known:
Blackbody temperature.
Blackbody aperture.
Camera Distance.
Camera aperture.
Camera filtering.
Camera gain.
Detector efficiency.
𝐸 𝑝 = 𝜙 𝜋 𝑅 2
Distance (R)
Blackbody
aperture
Camera
radiant flux (φ)
irradiance (Ep)
(T)
Next we going to look at the calibration setup using a black body
On the left hand side of the picture is the blackbody shown as a red dot, it has a selected aperture.
On the right is a corona camera and it has a fixed aperture
The camera is placed at a known distance from the blackbody
We can calculate the irradiance power received by the camera with the inverse squared distance formula. Shown on bottom right.
To calibrate the corona camera we must know the following:
Blackbody temperature – this is used to calculate the radiance power from the blackbody using Planck’s distribution law.
The blackbody’s aperture – used to calculate the radiant flux through the aperture
The distance from the source to the camera- to calculate the irradiance at the camera position.
The camera’s aperture - to calculate the irradiance entering the camera.
The filtering and gain inside the camera – to calculate the irradiance reaching the detector.
And the detector efficiency – to link the photon count a given irradiance.

24. Camera calibration Blackbody @10000C Atmospheric transmission
Optical transmission
Detector efficiency.
This graph shows an example of calculated irradiance received by the detector.
It was calculated for a blackbody at 1000 degrees Celsius
Included in the calculation is:
Atmospheric transmission
Optical transmission
Detector efficiency.

25. Camera calibration Calibration findings:
Actual measurements with Corona camera using a Blackbody
Calibration findings:
The application of a blackbody source is a scientific and consistent method for the calibration of corona cameras.
It is a calibration method that can be repeated in a laboratory anywhere in the world.
The blackbody calibration source could also be used on any corona camera manufactured, with commercially available test equipment and yield the same calibration result.
The scientific calibration of a corona camera by means of a blackbody instrument enables the camera to measure the exact power radiance of a corona source.
Blackbody Temp (˚C)
Irradiance (W/cm2)
Photons counts/s
950
2.73E-18
960
3.87E-18 1
970
5.46E-18 3
980
7.66E-18 6
990
1.07E-17 10
1000
1.48E-17 16
1010
2.05E-17
1020
2.82E-17
1030
3.85E-17
1040
5.25E-17
1050
7.10E-17 75
1060
9.59E-17
1070
1.29E-16
1080
1.72E-16
1090
2.30E-16
1100
3.04E-16
283
1110
4.02E-16
1120
5.29E-16
1130
6.94E-16
1140
9.06E-16
1150
1.18E-15
1158
1160
1.53E-15
1170
1.97E-15
1180
2.54E-15
2558
1190
3.26E-15
1200
4.17E-15
4125
Actual measurements was done with a corona camera and using a blackbody as a calibration source.
The measurements were done from 950 degrees Celsius up to 1200 degrees Celsius.
For each temperature the irradiance in (watt per square meter) was calculated and the photon counts/sec of the camera was recorded.
On the left is a table with the results and the results are also shown in the graph.
The graph shows irradiance in blue and photon counts/sec in red against the blackbody temperature.
If we plot photon counts/s against irradiance you get the following graphs:
The left hand graph shows the irradiance from the blackbody for temperatures from 950 to 1200 degrees Celsius
The right hand graph in zoomed in and shows the irradiance from the blackbody for temperature from 950 to 1100 degrees Celsius
The graphs shows that there is a near linear relationship between irradiance and photon count/sec   
Our findings about calibrating a corona camera are as follows:
The application of a blackbody source is a scientific and consistent method for the calibration of corona cameras.
It is a calibration method that can be repeated in a laboratory anywhere in the world.
The blackbody calibration source could also be used on any corona camera manufactured, with commercially available test equipment and yield the same calibration result.
The scientific calibration of a corona camera by means of a black body instrument enables the camera to measure the exact power radiance from a corona source.

26. Summarised Conclusion
The quantification and calibration of corona cameras will assist the industry.
Using a blackbody is a scientific and consistent method of calibration.
There is an urgent need to develop a corona interpretation field guideline that will assist the industry to make diagnostic maintenance decisions.
To summarise our overall conclusion
The quantification and calibration of corona cameras will assist the industry.
Using a blackbody is a scientific and consistent method of calibration.
There is an urgent need to develop a corona interpretation field guideline that will assist the industry to make diagnostic maintenance decisions

27. Impact of QUVIR
The quantification and calibration of corona cameras will assist the industry.
There is an urgent need to develop a corona interpretation field guideline that will assist the industry to make diagnostic maintenance decisions.
To summarise our overall conclusion
The quantification and calibration of corona cameras will assist the industry.
Using a blackbody is a scientific and consistent method of calibration.
There is an urgent need to develop a corona interpretation field guideline that will assist the industry to make diagnostic maintenance decisions

28. Multicam Commercialization
The struggles of commercialization.
Technology Innovation Agency (TIA) role.
having a product idea
the capability of developing product
having a market, knowing how big the market is
how to get to the market
funds to do all the things I just mentioned
This is where TIA play a crusol role by providing us with the funding to develop QUVIR
The QUVIR project is an 2 year project with highly skilled engineers and researchers working on the project thus the cost is high.
A major plus points working with TIA is that they have technical staff with experience in R&D work.
How it works – steering committee……

29. Multicam Current status
The XDM (experimental development model)
The ADM (advanced development model)
The EDM (engineering development model)
The PPM ( pre-production model)
XDM was done in 2015 and was used to demonstrate to TIA the feasibility of the project
the ADM was completed earlier this year
We currently busy with the EDM and the completion date for the model is Jan 2017
The planning is to complete the PPM by Jul 2017
Once the PPM is complete the complete data pack will be handed over to QVIRCO that will produce the camera.

30. Multicam Future Prospects
Expert System (Software, PLM….)
UAV, Robots…… AR
Expert system
Database
UAV…. Robots- KNZ intergrating
Ar or Augmented reality

31. Ettienne Cox (ecox@csir.co.za)
Thank you.
Acknowledgements: CSIR
TIA
ESKOM
Uvirco
Thank you, any questions? -- feel free to discuss this subject anytime when you see me thanks again.
Ettienne Cox