1. Review Exam #4 Engine Air Fuel Components Expenses

2. Stroke
The distance swept by a piston as it goes from BDC to TDC or from TDC to BDC.

3. Throw is one half (1/2) the Stroke
Throw vs Stroke
Throw is one half (1/2) the Stroke

4. Intake Compression Power Exhaust
Four Strokes
Intake Compression Power Exhaust

5. Basic Engine Components
Engine Block
Crankshaft
Pistons
Connecting Rods
Camshaft(s)
Intake and Exhaust Valves

6. Configuration
The design of the engine block which describes how the cylinders are arranged

7. Engine Size / Displacement
The combined swept volume of all of the cylinders
Displacement = 𝝅 ( 𝒃𝒐𝒓𝒆 𝟐 ) 𝟐 x stroke x (# of cylinders)
Example:
Bore (D) = 4 in Stroke = 3 in # of cylinders = 8
Displacement = x 42 x 3 x 8 = in3

8. Ignition / Spark Test Set Gap to .030 inches
Ensure spark tester is clipped to a good ground on engine block or cylinder head

9. Compression Test At least three to four pulls of starter cord
Hand tighten into spark plug hole

10. Cylinder Compression Leaks
Four common locations:
Intake Valve
Exhaust Valve
Cylinder Head Gasket
Piston Rings

11. Combustion Byproducts
CH4 + 2O CO2 + 2H2O + Heat +
+ CO + HC + NOX
= Good
= Not so Good

12. Air Intake
Must go through an Air Filter before entering the intake manifold. Filters particles.

13. Seals Prevents leaks Under compression
Gaskets
Seals
Prevents leaks
Under compression

14. Flywheel
Stores Energy by using inertia/momentum to offset the three non-power producing strokes of the four stroke engine.
A larger/heavier flywheel takes more energy to get it rotating up to speed, but it will store more energy and allow for a smoother ride than a lighter flywheel.

15. Diameters
Outside
Inside

16. Vernier Caliper Toggle between inches, fraction of inches, and mm
Zeroize
Depth Measurement

17. Crankshaft Types
Cast - pouring liquid metal into a mold, which contains a hollow cavity of the desired shape, and then allowing it to cool and solidify.
Forged -  manufacturing process involving the shaping of metal using localized compressive forces.
Given the same type of steel (e.g. 4340, 1020, etc) forging will be stronger than casting. Billet has the capability of being stronger than a forged crankshaft.

18. Crankshaft Measurements
Connecting Rod Journals are same as Crankpin Journals

19. Driven Gear Teeth / Drive Gear Teeth
Gear Ratios
Driven Gear Teeth / Drive Gear Teeth
Example is 75/25 or 3:1
In a four stroke engine, the crankshaft turns twice for every one turn of the camshaft

20. Valve
Tip
Stem
Margin
Face / Seat

21. Air Induction Components
Air Filter
Cleans the air of particles being drawn into the engine.
A dirty air filter can reduce engine performance.
Mass Airflow Sensor (MAF)
Measures the mass of the air entering the engine.
Chapter 11
© 2013 Rolling Hills Publishing

22. Air Induction Components
Throttle Body
Has the throttle (butterfly) valve
Intake Manifold
Air flows and finally mixes with gas as it dumps into combustion chamber
Chapter 11
© 2013 Rolling Hills Publishing

23. © 2013 Rolling Hills Publishing www.AutoUpkeep.com
Fuel System
Purpose:
Store (Tank) – Transport (Pump and Lines) – Mix (with air by Injectors or carburetor)
Ideal gasoline mixture (Stoichiometric) – 14.7 : 1 air to fuel ratio.
Carburetors mixed air/fuel before fuel injection
Three Generations of Electronic Fuel Injection:
Throttle Body Injection (TBI)
Port Fuel Injection (PFI)
Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI)
Chapter 11
© 2013 Rolling Hills Publishing

24. Fuel System Components
Tank
Pump
Lines
Filter
Injectors

25. Gasoline Properties Octane Resistance to detonation (knocking) Common
87, 89, 91-93
The higher the octane rating the more the fuel resists knocking.

26. © 2013 Rolling Hills Publishing www.AutoUpkeep.com
Flex-Fuel and E85
E85 vehicles can burn a blended fuel that contains 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline.
Ethanol is a grain alcohol made from renewable resources, commonly corn.
“Flex Fuel” means the car can burn any percentage mixture of ethanol and gasoline
Chapter 18
© 2013 Rolling Hills Publishing

27. Engine Tools
Spring Compressor
Compression Tester

28. © 2013 Rolling Hills Publishing www.AutoUpkeep.com
Parts and Labor
Mitchell Prodemand
Estimate Guide
Chapter 3
© 2013 Rolling Hills Publishing

29. © 2013 Rolling Hills Publishing www.AutoUpkeep.com
Expenses include…
Loan Payments
Insurance
Fuel Expenses
Annual License and Registration
Routine Maintenance
Unexpected Repairs
Chapter 3
© 2013 Rolling Hills Publishing

30. © 2013 Rolling Hills Publishing www.AutoUpkeep.com
Insurance
Deductible
The amount you pay before the insurance applies.
You can decrease your insurance costs if you increase your deductible.
Only applies to collision and comprehensive (not Liability)
Chapter 3
© 2013 Rolling Hills Publishing

31. © 2013 Rolling Hills Publishing www.AutoUpkeep.com
Insurance
Liability Insurance
The minimum policy required by law.
Covers claims to others that you cause.
Chapter 3
© 2013 Rolling Hills Publishing

32. © 2013 Rolling Hills Publishing www.AutoUpkeep.com
Insurance
Collision and Comprehensive
Covers the cost to repair your vehicle if you were at fault.
Collision – auto accidents.
Comprehensive – natural disasters, vandalism, theft, fire, animal collisions.
Chapter 3
© 2013 Rolling Hills Publishing

33. © 2013 Rolling Hills Publishing www.AutoUpkeep.com
Fuel Expenses
Fuel economy varies greatly depending on the vehicle and it impacts your monthly costs.
Chapter 3
© 2013 Rolling Hills Publishing

34. License and Registration
Sales tax
Title fees
License plate tags
Pay at DMV (Dept of Motor Vehicle)
Chapter 3
© 2013 Rolling Hills Publishing