1. Why are some countries poor?
Low income countries
face barriers to progress.
These barriers may be
economic, social or
environmental. However,
there are different
theories about the causes
of poverty and how societies
can develop over time.

2. How might the development gap be closed?
Lesson outcomes
MUST (Target Grade C/B+):
Describe Rostow’s modernisation theory.
SHOULD (Target Grade A):
Explain how societies develop over time (or don’t) using dependency theory.
COULD (Target Grade A+):
Identify limitations with both theories.

3. Rostow’s Model / modernisation theory
Based on the experiences of Europe, North America and Australasia, Rostow believed that countries pass through five stages of development. Rostow’s model sees a path to progress that others simply have to follow.

4. HIGH MASS CONSUMPTION
Rostow’s five stage model of economic development
Time
Savings and investment in industry
Consumers enjoy a wide range of goods…
DRIVE TO MATURITY
Technology used throughout…
TAKE OFF STAGE
Investment and growth …
PRE-TAKE OFF
SOCIETY
TRADITIONAL SOCIETY
Government invests in infrastructure
Most people work in agriculture …

5. What is predicted to happen to the employment structure in Rostow’s Model?

6. Criticisms of Rostow’s Model
Some people are criticism of Rostow’s models:
Outdated: developed in the 1960s
Oversimplified: based on just 15 mostly European countries
Ignores debt repayments which can prevent reaching take off.
Ignores that developed countries exploited developing ones at their expense!
Fill in the blanks to summarise the limitations.
Bring on Wallerstein’s World Systems model…

7. Frank’s dependency theory
Wallerstein believed that some countries are poor because of their past relationships with other countries, that development was about two types of global region – core and periphery, where poorer countries are dependent on the wealthier countries for their market.
Periphery
Developing nations
Export mostly raw materials of low-value
Depend on the core for their market.
Core
Developed nations
Processes raw materials to make
high-value goods.

8. Core Periphery Model

9. Wallerstein’s World Systems Model
Complete the ‘fill in the blanks’ activity.
Use this data to decide which part of the model each country should fit in.
Does the data you used earlier support these conclusions?
Exports
Imports
Australia
Coal
Iron Ore
Gold
Machinery
Computers
Telecommunications
Mali
Cotton
Livestock
Petroleum
Construction materials
Singapore
Machinery Pharmaceuticals Petroleum
Minerals
Chemicals
China
Electrical goods.
Data processing
Radio
Electrical
Oil
Medical
Sri Lanka
Textiles,
Tea
Rubber
Textiles

10. Criticisms of Frank’s Dependency Theory
Emergence of NICs.
Countries that have once been peripheral or dependent on core developed countries have achieved economic growth e.g. India, China and Brazil.
Development can be achieved while countries are involved in the world system and world market, with the right state awareness and interventions.
Can you think of anymore limitations to the models?

11. Rostow’s modernisation theory Frank’s dependency theory
Mini plenary
Summarise how countries develop over time according to each theory.
Rostow’s modernisation theory
Frank’s dependency theory
Five stages of development
Country progresses through the stages
Development through the employment sectors
Developed countries exploit developing countries through capitalism
Developing countries become poorer and underdeveloped
The development gap widens .
Which do you think put forward the better to explain development – Rostow or Frank? Explain your reasoning.

12. NeoLiberalism Time period: 1980’s
Main ideas: Promote Free Market Economics (What are these???)

13. Neoliberalism Strategies Privatize all industry (what does that mean)
Foreign direct investment (where has this been useful?)
Reduced role of the state (this is the opposite of what type of economy?)
Free trade (what is this??)
Currency devaluation (why make money worth less???)

14. Sustainable Development
Key ideas:
Long term, damaging the environment is bad for the economy.
Allowing multinational corporations to exploit workers does not help poor countries develop.

15. Sustainable Development
Strategies:
Partnership with developed countries
Market mechanisms for environmental regulation (what would this be?)
Resource conservation
Renewable resources
Loans to women and very poor (microcredit)
Women’s and children’s rights
Appropriate technology for all

16. Why are these two opposed?
Neoliberals and those interested in sustainable development are often in conflict over the best course of action. Why do you think that is?

17. Make a four circle Venn Diagram to compare each theory.