1. Wind Generators

2. Wind Generators
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3. Where is the wind?

4. WIND POWER - What is it?
All renewable energy (except tidal and geothermal power), ultimately comes from the sun
The earth receives 1.74 x 1017 watts of power (per hour) from the sun
About one or 2 percent of this energy is converted to wind energy (which is about times more than the energy converted to biomass by all plants on earth
Differential heating of the earth’s surface
and atmosphere induces vertical and horizontal
air currents that are affected by the earth’s
rotation and contours of the land  WIND.
~ e.g.: Land Sea Breeze Cycle

5. Winds are influenced by the ground surface at altitudes up to 100 meters.
Wind is slowed by the surface roughness and obstacles.
When dealing with wind energy, we are concerned with surface winds.
A wind turbine obtains its power input by converting the force of the wind into a torque (turning force) acting on the rotor blades.
The amount of energy which the wind transfers to the rotor depends on the density of the air, the rotor area, and the wind speed.
The kinetic energy of a moving body is proportional to its mass (or weight). The kinetic energy in the wind thus depends on the density of the air, i.e. its mass per unit of volume.
In other words, the "heavier" the air, the more energy is received by the turbine. At 15° Celsius air weighs about kg per cubic meter, but the density decreases slightly with increasing humidity.

6. What Makes Wind The NEED Project 2014
Heat from the sun causes convection in the atmosphere, meaning the heated air rises. These currents create zones of high and low air pressure within the atmosphere. As the heated air rises, it creates a low pressure zone near the ground. Air from surrounding cooler areas rushes in to balance the pressure. These horizontal pressure differences account for the ambient wind and more intense storm wind.
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7. WINDMILL DESIGN
A Windmill captures wind energy and then uses a generator to convert it to electrical energy.
The design of a windmill is an integral part of how efficient it will be.
When designing a windmill, one must decide on the size of the turbine, and the size of the generator.

8. History of Wind Energy 5000 BC
Sailboats used on the Nile indicate the power of wind AD
First windmills developed in Persia
1300 AD
First horizontal-axis
windmills in Europe
1850s
Daniel Halladay and
John Burnham build
Halladay Windmill;
start US Wind
Engine Company
Late 1880s
Thomas O. Perry
conducted 5,000
wind experiments;
starts Aermotor Company
1888
Charles F. Brush
used windmill to generate electricity
in Cleveland, OH
Early 1900s
Windmills in CA
pumped saltwater
to evaporate ponds
1941
In VT, Grandpa’s
Knob turbine
supplies power to
town during WWII
1979
First wind turbine
rated over 1 MW
began operating
5000 BC - The history of wind energy is certainly long, beginning thousands of years ago. It is estimated that as early as 5000 B.C. sail boats were in use on the Nile as boatmen realized the power of the wind.
AD - The first windmills were developed in Persia for pumping water and grinding grain.
About The first horizontal-axis windmills appeared in Western Europe.
1850s - Daniel Halladay and John Burnham worked to build and sell the Halladay Windmill, which was designed for the American West.  It had an open tower design and thin wooden blades.  They also started the U.S. Wind Engine Company.
Late 1880s - Thomas O. Perry conducted over 5,000 wind experiments trying to build a better windmill. He invented the mathematical windmill, which used gears to reduce the rotational speed of the blades. This design had greater lifting power, smoother pumping action, and could operate in lighter winds. Perry started the Aermotor Company with LaVerne Noyes.
The development of steel blades made windmills more efficient. Six million windmills sprang up across America as settlers moved west.  Homesteaders purchased windmills from catalogs, traveling salesman, or they built their own. Mills were used to pump water, shell corn, saw wood, and mill grain.
Charles F. Brush used the first large windmill to generate electricity in Cleveland, Ohio. Windmills that produce electricity started to be called "wind turbines." In later years, General Electric acquired Brush's company, Brush Electric Co.
In Chicago, Illinois, the World's Columbian Exposition (aka the Chicago World Fair) highlighted 15 windmill companies who showcased their goods.
Early 1900s - Windmills in California pumped saltwater to evaporate ponds to produce salt for consumption.
On a hilltop in Rutland, Vermont, "Grandpa's Knob" wind turbine supplied power to the local community for several months during World War II.  It had 53-meter blades and was the Smith-Putnam wind turbine.
The first wind turbine rated over 1 megawatt began operating. The cost of electricity from wind generation was about 40 cents per kilowatt-hour.
Many wind turbines were installed in California in the early 1980s to help meet growing electricity needs and take advantage of government incentives. By 1985, California wind capacity exceeded 1,000 megawatts, enough power to supply 250,000 homes. These wind turbines were inefficient compared to today’s turbines.
U.S. WindPower developed one of the first commercially available variable-speed wind turbines, the 33M-VS. The final prototype tests were completed in 1992. The $20 million project was funded mostly by U.S. Windpower, but also involved Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), Pacific Gas & Electric, and Niagara Mohawk Power Company.
Electricity from wind generation cost cents per kilowatt-hour.
Wind power provided percent of the renewable energy consumed in the U.S. In the U.S., wind power produced enough electricity on average to power the equivalent of over 10 million homes.
1985
CA wind capacity
exceeded 1,000 MW
1993
US WindPower developed
first commercial variable-speed wind turbine
2004
Electricity from
wind generation
costs 3 to 4.5 cents per kWh
2013
Wind power provided
over 17% of renewable
energy used in US
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9. Why Wind Energy? Clean, zero emissions Reduce fossil fuel dependence
- NOx, SO2, CO, CO2
- Air quality, water quality
- Climate change
Reduce fossil fuel dependence
- Energy independence
- Domestic energy—national security
Renewable
- No fuel-price volatility
Wind energy is a renewable source of energy, and is considered renewable because it is derived from the sun and is capable of being replenished on a reasonable time scale.
Although wind is a zero emissions electrical generation option, there are emissions in the construction and development of wind projects—concrete, transportation of components, etc.
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10. A typical 600 kW wind turbine has a rotor diameter of 43-44 meters, i
A typical 600 kW wind turbine has a rotor diameter of meters, i.e. a rotor area of some 1,500 square meters.
The rotor area determines how much energy a wind turbine is able to harvest from the wind.
Since the rotor area increases with the square of the rotor diameter, a turbine which is twice as large will receive 22 = 2 x 2 = four times as much energy.
To be considered a good location for wind energy, an area needs to have average annual wind speeds of at least 12 miles per hour.

11. Renewable Electric Capacity Worldwide
Wind energy is one of the fastest growing energy resources in the world. For the last five years it has been growing at a rate of 24-32%.
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US DOE, EERE Renewable Energy Data Book
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12. US Electricity Generation from Non-Hydro Renewables
Wind energy is one of the fastest growing energy sources in the world. In the past several years it has shown tremendous growth as a source for electricity among renewables in the United states.
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13. Top Wind Power Producing States, 2013
Rank
State
Thousand MWh 1
Texas
35,937 14
Indiana
3,483 2
Iowa
15,571 15
Pennsylvania
3,339 3
California
13,230 16
South Dakota
2,688 4
Oklahoma
10,881 17
Idaho
2,545 5
Illinois
9,607 18
Michigan
2,524 6
Kansas
9,430 19
New Mexico
2,188 7
Minnesota
8,065 20
Nebraska
1,799 8
Oregon
7,452 21
Montana
1,661 9
Colorado
7,382 22
Wisconsin
1,562 10
Washington
7,008 23
West Virginia
1,391 11
North Dakota
5,530 24
Missouri
1,168 12
Wyoming
4,415 25
Ohio
1,137 13
New York
3,548
Texas leads the country in installed wind capacity with around 20 % of current capacity.
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14. Annual Installed U.S. Wind Power Capacity
In terms of US electric capacity, for the past 20 years (on average) wind energy is the fastest growing energy source in the country.
AWEA U.S. Wind Industry Annual Market Report Year Ending 2013
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15. Installed Wind Capacities
1999-Present
Total: 61,946 MW
As of 6/30/2014
Texas, Iowa and California are the leaders in installed wind capacity with many states significantly increasing their wind capacities in the last 12 years.
Projects tend to be located in areas with good resources that are near existing transmission lines.
1999
Total: 2,500 MW
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16. Top Twenty States for Wind Energy Potential
Rank
State
Potential Installed Capacity (MW) 1
Texas
1,901,530 11
New Mexico
492,083 2
Kansas
952,371 12
Minnesota
489,271 3
Montana
944,004 13
Colorado
387,220 4
Nebraska
917,999 14
Missouri
274,355 5
South Dakota
882,412 15
Illinois
249,882 6
North Dakota
770,196 16
Indiana
148,228 7
Iowa
570,714 17
Wisconsin
103,757 8
Wyoming
552,073 18
Michigan
59,042 9
Oklahoma
516,822 19
Ohio
54,920 10
Alaska
494,703 20
California
34,110
Many states have the potential to do much more with wind power than they do. Some states that appear much lower on the previous list of installed wind capacity, appear higher on this list. Why is this? Often, geography plays a big part.
Data Source: (NREL and AWS Truepower)
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17. U.S. Wind Resource Map The NEED Project 2014
The upper Midwest state of North Dakota has been called the Saudi Arabia of wind. Although there are large wind resources in the state, large population centers are far away and transmission lines are small, making it difficult and costly to transport large amounts of energy from North Dakota to other places.
The Southeast has very little wind development and also has low wind resources. Offshore wind may bring additional installations to coastal states in the future.
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18. Transmission Challenges
One of the major issues facing commercial wind energy is transmission. It is a long and expensive process to build new transmission lines, but some of the best wind resources are in areas with smaller populations and limited transmission capability.
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19. Wind Turbines LARGE TURBINES:
Able to deliver electricity at lower cost than smaller turbines, because foundation costs, planning costs, etc. are independent of size.
Well-suited for offshore wind plants.
In areas where it is difficult to find sites, one large turbine on a tall tower uses the wind extremely efficiently.

20. SMALL TURBINES:
Local electrical grids may not be able to handle the large electrical output from a large turbine, so smaller turbines may be more suitable.
High costs for foundations for large turbines may not be economical in some areas.
Landscape considerations

21. Wind Turbines: Number of Blades
Most common design is the three-bladed turbine. The most important reason is the stability of the turbine. A rotor with an odd number of rotor blades (and at least three blades) can be considered to be similar to a disc when calculating the dynamic properties of the machine.
A rotor with an even number of blades will give stability problems for a machine with a stiff structure. The reason is that at the very moment when the uppermost blade bends backwards, because it gets the maximum power from the wind, the lowermost blade passes into the wind shade in front of the tower.

22. Wind Turbine Generators
Wind power generators convert wind energy (mechanical energy) to electrical energy.
The generator is attached at one end to the wind turbine, which provides the mechanical energy.
At the other end, the generator is connected to the electrical grid.
The generator needs to have a cooling system to make sure there is no overheating.

23. SMALL GENERATORS:
Require less force to turn than a larger ones, but give much lower power output.
Less efficient
i.e.. If you fit a large wind turbine rotor with a small generator it will be producing electricity during many hours of the year, but it will capture only a small part of the energy content of the wind at high wind speeds.
LARGE GENERATORS:
Very efficient at high wind speeds, but unable to turn at low wind speeds.
i.e.. If the generator has larger coils, and/or a stronger internal magnet, it will require more force (mechanical) to start in motion.

24. Other Design Considerations
A windmill built so that it too severely interrupts the airflow through its cross section will reduce the effective wind velocity at its location and divert much of the airflow around itself, thus not extracting the maximum power from the wind.
At the other extreme, a windmill that intercepts a small fraction of the wind passing through its cross section will reduce the wind’s velocity by only a small amount, thus extracting only a small fraction of the power from the wind traversing the windmill disk.
Modern Windmills can attain an efficiency of about 60 % of the theoretical maximum.

25. Power of Wind P/m^2 = 6.1 x 10^-4 v^3
*The power in wind is proportional to the cubic wind speed ( v^3 ).
WHY?
~ Kinetic energy of an air mass is proportional to v^2
~ Amount of air mass moving past a given point is proportional to wind velocity (v)

26. Costs of a Wind Turbine
* An extra meter of tower will cost roughly 1,500 USD.

27. Installation costs are typically $125,000.
A typical 600 kW turbine costs about $450,000.
Installation costs are typically $125,000.
Therefore, the total costs will be about $575,000.
The average price for large, modern wind farms is around $1,000 per kilowatt electrical power installed.
Modern wind turbines are designed to work for some 120,000 hours of operation throughout their design lifetime of 20 years. ( 13.7 years non-stop)
Maintenance costs are about percent of the original cost, per year.

28. U.S. Wind Energy Use
The U.S. currently has more than 1,600 MW of installed capacity and produces about 3 billion KWh of electricity each year.
This is enough to meet the annual residential needs of 1 million people.
More than 90 percent of this power is produced by three wind farms in California (Altamont Pass, Tehachapi and Palm Springs).

29. Annual Wind Power Resource - US Mainland

30. Annual Wind Power Resource - Alaska and Hawaii

32. Striking Facts About Wind Energy Potential in the US
The U.S. contains enough useable wind resource to produce more electricity than the nation currently uses.
The majority of this usable resource is in the Great Plains region. North Dakota alone has enough suitable wind resource to supply 36 percent of the electricity consumed in the U.S.
In addition, development of major global wind energy markets could significantly impact jobs—recent studies show that each billion kilowatt-hours of annual wind energy generation creates between 440 to 460 jobs.

33. Advantages of Wind Power
The wind blows day and night, which allows windmills to produce electricity throughout the day. (Faster during the day)
Energy output from a wind turbine will vary as the wind varies, although the most rapid variations will to some extent be compensated for by the inertia of the wind turbine rotor.
Wind energy is a domestic, renewable source of energy that generates no pollution and has little environmental impact. Up to 95 percent of land used for wind farms can also be used for other profitable activities including ranching, farming and forestry.
The decreasing cost of wind power and the growing interest in renewable energy sources should ensure that wind power will become a viable energy source in the United States and worldwide.

34. Wind Power and the Environment
Wind Turbines and the Landscape
- Large turbines don’t turn as fast  attract less attention
- City dwellers “dwell” on the attention attracted by windmills
Sound from Wind Turbines
- Increasing tip speed  less sound
- The closest neighbor is usually 300 m  experiences almost no noise
Birds often collide with high voltage overhead lines, masts, poles, and windows of buildings. They are also killed by cars in traffic. However, birds are seldom bothered by wind turbines.
The only known site with bird collision problems is located in the Altamont Pass in California.
Danish Ministry of the Environment study revealed that power lines are a much greater danger to birds than the wind turbines.
Some birds even nest on cages on Wind Towers.

35. Impacts of Wind Power: Noise
In the past, turbines have been perceived as noisy machines. While modern day turbines do produce some noise, when sited at a proper distance from homes and businesses, the noise level is less than many household appliances.
The NEED Project 2014
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36. Planning Wind Turbine Installation in Regard to Sound                                                        

37. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r0DZUDQyw_0 building a wind turbine

38. Wildlife Impacts The NEED Project 2014
According to U.S. Department of Energy, over the last decade, the wind community has learned that wind farms and wildlife can coexist successfully. Wind energy development’s overall impact on bird and bat populations is low when compared to other human related activities. Despite this, the wind industry is continually working to reduce wildlife death associated with wind turbines. Steps to reduce wildlife mortality include wildlife studies during the siting of wind farms to avoid major migration routes or high concentrations of bird and bat populations. Today’s turbines are designed with slower moving blades and are on monopoles which do not encourage birds to roust on the towers.
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39. Potential Impacts and Issues
Property Values
Noise
Visual Impact
Land Use
Wildlife Impact
Properly siting a wind turbine can mitigate many of these issues.
Proper siting of wind turbines is the best way to address many of the potential issues that arise. Siting turbines away from populated areas can address issues of noise and visual impact while siting turbines away from preservation areas and wetlands with a focus on siting in areas which already have seen development (ranching, farming, resource extraction, etc) can address land use issues. In fact, wind farms have been seen in many places as an additional use of farming and ranching land since those activities can still take place on land below the turbines.
An in-depth study was completed by the Renewable Energy Policy Project in 2003 on the effect of wind development on local property values. There was no evidence of reduction of value of 25,000 property transactions.
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40. China Leads the World in Wind Capacity
Total Installed Generating Capacity (MW)
Top 5 Countries for 2013
New Installed Capacity
China
Germany
United Kingdom
India
Canada
Germany generates 22% of its electrical power via wind power (34,000 MW wind capacity installed)
In 2013 the UK installed 1883 MW new wind capacity, accounting for more than 20% growth and surpassing new installed wind power in the U.S.
China added 16,100 MW new capacity in 2013, which is 21.4% annual growth
China has more than double the wind generating capacity than any other country other than the U.S.
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41. Why Such Growth? Increased Turbine Size R&D Advances
…costs are low!
Increased Turbine Size
R&D Advances
Manufacturing Improvements
The rapid growth in wind power can be attributed to two things–reduction in cost of electricity produced and more interest in renewable technologies. Between 2004 and 2011, an increase in price can be attributed to higher rates of demand than supply of turbines and rising commodity prices including a rise in the price of steel.
1979
40 cents/kWh
2000
4-6 cents/kWh
2004
3-4.5 cents/kWh
2011
Less than 5 cents/kWh
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42. Modern Wind Turbines
Turbines can be categorized into two classes based on the orientation of the rotor.
Turbines can spin on a vertical axis (left photo) or horizontal axis (right photo).
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43. Vertical-Axis Turbines
Advantages
Disadvantages
Omni-directional
- accepts wind from any direction
Components can be mounted at ground level
- ease of service
- lighter weight towers
Can theoretically use less materials to capture the same amount of wind
Rotors generally near ground where wind is poorer
Centrifugal force stresses blades
Poor self-starting capabilities
Requires support at top of turbine rotor
Requires entire rotor to be removed to replace bearings
Overall poor performance and reliability
Vertical-axis machines have blades that go from top to bottom and the most common type, the Darrieus wind turbine, looks like a giant, two-bladed eggbeater. This type of vertical wind turbine typically stands 100 feet tall and 50 feet wide. New design concepts come to market on a regular basis. Vertical-axis wind turbines make up only a very small percent of the wind turbines used today.
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44. Horizontal-Axis Wind Turbines
Intermediate( kW)
Village Power
Hybrid Systems
Distributed Power
Small (<10 kW)
Homes
Farms
Remote Applications
(e.g., water pumping,
Telecom sites, ice making)
Most wind turbines being used today are the horizontal-axis type. Horizontal-axis wind turbines have blades like airplane propellers. Wind turbines stand tall and wide to capture more wind—providing more “swept area” where the blades make contact with the wind.
A one megawatt (1 MW) wind turbine will typically generate enough power for about 300 homes. This depends on the type of device and where it is located.
Most large turbines that you see today are rated at 1.5 megawatts. This means at peak output (high winds) it will be producing about 1.5 megawatts of electricity.
Large (250 kW-2+ MW)
Central Station Wind Farms
Distributed Power
Schools
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45. Large Wind Turbines Common Utility-Scale Turbines 328’ base to blade
Each blade is 112’
200 tons total
Foundation 20’ deep
Rated at megawatts
Supply about 500 homes
A typical U.S. large-scale horizontal wind turbine stands meters ( feet) tall and has three blades that are each meters ( feet) long. They weigh tons and produce enough electricity to power 500 homes.
The largest turbine currently in production is the Enercon E-126 which as a capacity of 7.58 MW.
The E-126 tower stands 135 meters (443 feet) tall and has a blade diameter of 127 meters (417 feet).
A number of companies are developing 10 MW turbines mostly for use in offshore applications.
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46. Wind Turbine Components
Regardless of the size, all turbines have the same parts.
Blades on modern turbines are similar to airplane blades, lifted by the wind.
The hub connects the blades to the shaft and generator.
The nacelle houses the generator.
The tower holds the turbine high above anything that might cause turbulence in the air such as trees and buildings. Towers can be lattice or monopole for large turbines. Most modern day turbines have monopole towers made of steel.
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47. How a Wind Turbine Operates
Comparing large turbines to small turbines:
Large turbine blades can be actively pitched by hydraulics and spin at RPM—much slower than a small wind turbine.
Large turbines have a driveshaft attached to the gearbox—that step up the rotations from RPM to 1600 RPM for the generator.
The generator is what creates electricity, turning coils of wires inside magnets.
Small wind turbines use vanes (typically) to track the wind while large turbines use an anemometer and hydraulics to face the turbine into the wind.
Large turbines are highly computerized and automated, sensing weather conditions and turning themselves off if there is a problem.
Large turbines are often connected by computers to a central control location.
How a Wind Turbine Operates
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48. Installation of Wind Turbines
Large scale turbines are brought to the construction site in multiple pieces and assembled on site. Specialized trucks transport the components to these often remote locations because, even though the turbine is disassembled, individual pieces are still very large. Towers are transported in 65- to 100-foot long sections. Blades are transported one or two blades per truck.
Prior to erecting the tower, concrete foundations are poured to hold the turbine securely in place.
Once the components arrive at the site, large cranes are used to assemble the pieces, stacking the tower and nacelle first. The blades are attached to the hub on the ground and lifted on to the front of the nacelle.
Note the size comparison to the barn in the upper right hand corner.
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The NEED Project 2014

49. Wind Turbine Perspective
Nacelle
56 tons
Tower
3 sections
Workers
Blade
112’ long
Large turbines have ladders or lift systems inside the tower so technicians can access the nacelle and perform maintenance. When work must be performed on the outside of the nacelle, safety harnesses are worn.
The NEED Project 2014
The NEED Project 2014

50. How wind turbines make electricity

51. Wind Farms
Wind farms are like power plants, with a number of turbines wired together before going to the transformer.
The transformer steps up the voltage before the electricity goes out on transmission lines and the electricity grid.
Some wind farms are very large. The largest wind farm in the U.S. is currently the Alta Wind Energy Center in California with 390 turbines and a 1,020 MW capacity. Large farms such as this can provide as much electricity as a traditional power plant when the wind is blowing.
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52. Offshore Wind Farms The NEED Project 2014
Many developers would like to move wind farms offshore because wind is faster, smoother and can be close to major population centers on the coast. The Bureau of Ocean Energy Management at the Department of the Interior has been granted authority to regulate offshore wind development in federal waters.
There are currently no offshore wind farms in the U.S. Offshore wind development has been met with opposition in early projects such as the Cape Wind Energy Project. Other offshore construction is also expected to begin on the coast of Virginia.
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53. Residential Wind Systems and Net Metering
"Net metering" is a method of metering the energy consumed and produced at a home or business that has its own renewable energy generator, such as a wind turbine. With net metering capability, excess electricity produced by the wind turbine will spin the electricity meter backwards. This provides the customer with a credit to pull from when more electricity is needed. The customer is sometimes provided with full retail value for all the electricity produced. Not all utilities allow for net metering.
Under existing federal law (PURPA, Section 210), utility customers can use the electricity they generate with a wind turbine to supply their own lights and appliances, offsetting electricity they would otherwise have to purchase from the utility at the retail price. But if the customer produces any excess electricity (beyond what is needed to meet the customer’s own needs) and net metering is not allowed, the utility purchases that excess electricity at the wholesale or “avoided cost” price, which is much lower than the retail price. The excess energy is metered using an additional meter that must be installed at the customer’s expense.
Net metering simplifies this arrangement by allowing the customer to use any excess electricity to offset electricity needs used at other times during the billing period. In other words, the customer is billed only for the net energy consumed during the billing period.
These small installations are often referred to as distributed power. Distributed power is generating capacity that is not located near a baseload power plant.
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54. Homemade Wind Generators
How to make plastic bottle windmill