1. Introduction to Anatomy

2. Anatomy is… The study of structure
We study what it is, what it’s shaped like, what it’s made of
“What is does” is left for physiology next semester

3. Microscopic vs. Gross Anatomy
Structures that cannot be viewed with the naked eye
AKA macroscopic anatomy
anything that can be seen with the naked eye

4. Approaches to gross anatomy
Comparative anatomy examines similarities and differences of different species

5. Approaches to gross anatomy
Developmental anatomy investigates the changes in structure from conception through maturity
Embryology is specifically concerned with development before birth

6. Approaches to gross anatomy
Regional anatomy examines structures in a particular region of the body (e.g., skin, bones, muscles)
Surface anatomy examines superficial anatomic markings and internal body structures as they relate to the skin covering them
Systemic anatomy studies gross anatomy of each system in the body (ex. digestive, urinary)

7. Structural organization of the body
Simplest level of organization is chemical level
atoms: the smallest units of matter
molecules: two or more atoms bounded together
Simplest level of LIFE is cellular level

8. How did we get here?
In the primordial soup, atoms bound together to make molecules
Then fat molecules bound together to make a fat ball with nucleotides inside
Then the nucleotides bound together into a chain and replicated themselves
Let this repeat itself over a billion years, and viola! Life!

10. Organization Most basic level of life: cellular level of organization
Most basic organisms are unicellular
Not necessarily old species

11. Cellular level of organization
red and white blood cells
Cellular level of organization
In multicellular organisms, different types of cells have different functions
different functions have different shapes
neurons
osteocytes
make bone
muscle cells
many types of cells in skin

12. Tissue level of organization
Cells with a common function are organized into tissues
One tissue may contain several types of cells
In some organisms, tissues not organized into organs
red and white blood cells
many types of cells in skin

13. Organ level of organization
teste
“brain”
Tissues with similar functions organized into organs
sperm duct
ovary
ovariduct
seminal vesicles
copulatory organ
proboscis for feeding
nerve net
gut

14. Organ level of organization

15. Organ system level of development
Organs with similar function work together in systems

16. Fig. 1.3 Atom Molecule Chemical level Cells Cellular level
Epithelial tissue
Small intestine
Tissue level
Organ level
Organ system level
Organismal level

17. What makes life?
A Cell!
Plasma membrane
DNA and other stuff inside

18. What else makes life? Organization: complex structure and order
Metabolism: chemical reactions including breaking down molecules into digestible particles
Growth and development: increased size from assimilation of materials from the environment
Responsiveness: sense and respond to changes in the environment
Regulation: maintain a consistent internal environment
Homeostasis is the process of maintaining a steady state inside the body
Reproduction: produce new cells for growth, also replicate self

19. One more thing Adaptation
At the population level, organisms adapt (Individuals DON’T adapt)
Each generation is different from the last
Each generation contains individuals whose ancestors were better at reproduction than another individual
Over many generations (thousands to millions of years) populations become altered in response to their environment

20. Anatomic position Used when referring to parts of the body
Common point of reference
Standing, facing forward, feet straight head, head forward, arms at sides, palms facing forward, thumbs away from the body

21. Dividing the body Planes are imaginary slices that divide the body
Help describe where things are in relation to other things

22. Fig. 1.5 Coronal plane Transverse plane Midsaggital plane
vertical
divides into front and back
Transverse plane
aka cross-sectional plane or horizontal plane
perpendicular to axis of body
separates into upper and lower
Midsaggital plane
vertical through center of body
separates into right and left halves
Saggital plane is to left or right of midsaggital
(b) Coronal section
(c) Transverse section
(d) Midsagittal section

23. Dividing the body
Body parts can also be divided along planes
Fig. 1.6

24. Anatomic directions
Used to describe where things are in relation to other things
Anterior = front
toward the front surface of the body
The coyote’s nose is anterior to its eyes
Ventral = belly side of body
The coyote has a ventral gray patch
ventral = anterior in humans

25. Anatomic directions Posterior = back Dorsal = booty side of body
behind; toward the back surface
The coyote’s cheek lies posterior to its grin
Dorsal = booty side of body
The coyote has a dorsal tail
The shark has a scary dorsal fin
posterior = dorsal in humans

26. Anatomic directions Superior = above Inferior = below
closer to the head
The coyote’s yellow eyes are superior to its tail
Inferior = below
closer to the feet
The coyote’s tail is inferior to its ears

27. Anatomic directions Cranial = at the head end Caudal = at the tail end
closer to the head
The coyote’s ears are cranial to its shoulders
Caudal = at the tail end
closer to the tail; in humans, closer to the feet
The coyote’s tail is caudal to its ears

28. Anatomic directions Medial = middle Lateral = side
toward the midline of the body
The coyote’s chest hair tuft is medial to the arm
Lateral = side
away from the midline of the body
The coyote’s cheeks are lateral to the nose

29. Anatomic directions ipsilateral = on the same side
The coyote’s tail is ipsilateral to its raised eyebrow
contralateral = on the opposite side
The right hand is contralateral to the left foot

30. Anatomic directions
Proximal = closer to the point of attachment to the trunk
The coyote’s knee is proximal to the foot
Distal = farther from the point of attachment to the trunk
The coyote’s fist is distal to the elbow

31. Anatomic directions
Superficial = on the outside, closer to the outside
The dough boy’s skin is superficial to his intestines
Deep = on the inside, underneath another structure
The dough boy’s heart is deep to his ribs

32. Medical Imaging Radiography (X-rays)
X-rays (high-energy radiation) sent through body
Pass through soft tissue, leaving image of hard tissues: bone, teeth, tumors

33. Medical Imaging Sonography (ultrasound)
high-frequency sound waves penetrate body, bounce off tissues and return
inexpensive, portable, no harmful radiation
shows hard tissue and some soft tissue
not very sharp images (getting better)

34. Medical Imaging Computed Tomography (CT)
uses low-intensity X-rays that pass through the body
Produces images of dime-thick slices of the body
Produces 3-D image
Sharper image that X-rays
Visible Human Project

35. Medical Imaging Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA) 3-D, X-rays
Used to observe blood vessels
Radiographs taken before and after injecting an opaque medium into blood vessel
Useful in angioplasty (insertion of stent into blocked blood vessel)

36. Medical Imaging Dynamic Spatial Reconstruction (DSR)
Uses modified CT scanners
Produces 3-D images of organs
provides info about movement of organ
valuable for evaluating heart function

37. Medical Imaging Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
provides image of soft tissues
not clear images of hard tissues
Uses magnet and causes protons in tissues to align
functional MRI (fMRI) provides map of oxygen flow in the brain

38. Medical Imaging Positron emission tomography (PET)
Analyze metabolic state of tissues
Patient injected with radioactive sugar
Determine which tissues are most active
Can determine if cancer has metastasized