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5.1: Introduction There are four (4) primary or major tissue types:
Similar cells with a common function are called tissues. The study of tissues is called histology. There are four (4) primary or major tissue types: Epithelial Tissue Connective Tissue Muscle Tissue Nervous Tissue
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Intercellular Junctions
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Tight junctions Close space between cells Located among cells that form linings Cell membrane Tight junction Desmosomes Form “spot welds” between cells Located among outer skin cells Cell membrane Desmosome Gap junctions Tubular channels between cells Located in cardiac muscle cells Cell membrane Gap junction
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5.1 From Science to Technology
Nanotechnology Meets the Blood-Brain Barrier
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5.2: Epithelial Tissue General Characteristics
Covers organs and body surface/lines cavities and hollow organs Have a free surface on one side and basement membrane on other Usually lack blood vessels Cells readily divide Cells are tightly packed Classified according to cell shape and number of cell layers Shapes – squamous (flat), cuboidal (cube shaped), columnar (tall) Layers – simple (one layer of cells), stratified (more than one layer of cells)
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Epithelial Tissue Types
Simple squamous: Single layer of flat cells Substances pass easily through Lines air sacs Lines blood vessels Lines lymphatic vessels Simple cuboidal: Single layer of cube-shaped cells Lines kidney tubules Covers ovaries Lines ducts of some glands Secretes, absorbs Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Free surface of tissue Lumen Connective tissue Simple squamous epithelium Nucleus Basement membrane Basement Free surface of tissue Nucleus Simple cuboidal epithelium Connective tissue (a) (b) (a) (a) (b) b,d: © Ed Reschke b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer
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Epithelial Tissue Types
Simple columnar: Single layer of elongated cells Nuclei usually near the basement Membrane at same level Sometimes possesses cilia Sometimes possess microvilli Often has goblet cells (secrete mucus) Lines uterus, stomach, intestines Pseudostratified columnar: Single layer of elongated cells Nuclei at two or more levels, giving the appearance of being stratified Often has cilia Often has goblet cells Lines respiratory passageways Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Cilia (free surface of tissue) Nucleus Cytoplasm Cytoplasm Microvilli (free surface of tissue) Goblet cell Nucleus Mucus Goblet cell Basement membrane Basement membrane Connective tissue Connective tissue (a) (b) (a) (b) b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Dennis Strete, photographer b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Alvin Telser, photographer, PhD
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Epithelial Tissue Types
Stratified squamous: Many cell layers Top cells are flat Can accumulate keratin Outer layer of skin Lines oral cavity, vagina, and anal canal Stratified cuboidal: 2-3 layers Cube-shaped cells Lines ducts of mammary glands, sweat glands, salivary glands, and the pancreas Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Cell sloughing off Free surface of tissue Stratified cuboidal epithelium Squamous cells Nucleus Lumen Free surface of tissue Basement membrane Connective tissue (a) (b) Layer of dividing cells Basement membrane b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer. Connective tissue (a) (b) b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer
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Epithelial Tissue Types
Stratified columnar: Top layer of elongated cells Cube-shaped cells in deeper layerst Lines par of male urethra and part of pharynx Transitional: Many cell layers Cube-shaped and elongated cells Line urinary bladder, ureters, and part of urethra Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Free surface of tissue Unstretched transitional epithelium Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Lumen Free surface of tissue Basement membrane Stratified columnar epithelium Underlying connective tissue (a) (b) Basement membrane Connective tissue Free surface of tissue Stretched transitional epithelium (a) (b) Basement membrane connective tissue Underlying b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer (c) (d) b,d: © Ed Reschke
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Glandular Epithelium Composed of cells that are specialized to produce and secrete substances There are two (2) types: Endocrine glands secrete into tissue fluid or blood Exocrine glands secrete into ducts Unicellular exocrine gland: Composed of one cell Goblet cell Multicellular exocrine gland: Composed of many cells Sweat glands, salivary glands, etc. Simple and compound
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Structural Types of Exocrine Glands
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Tissue surface Duct Secretory portion Simple tubular Simple branched tubular Simple coiled tubular Simple branched alveolar Compound tubular Compound alveolar
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Types of Glandular Secretions
Merocrine Glands Fluid product Salivary glands Pancreas gland Sweat glands Apocrine Glands Cellular product Portions of cells Mammary glands Ceruminous glands Holocrine Glands Secretory products Whole cells Sebaceous glands Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Pinched off portion of cell (secretion) Disintegrating cell and its contents (secretion) Intact cell Secretion New cell forming by mitosis and cytokinesis (a) Merocrine gland (b) Apocrine gland (c) Holocrine gland
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5.3: Connective Tissues General characteristics:
Most abundant tissue type Many functions: Bind structures Provide support and protection Serve as frameworks Fill spaces Store fat Produce blood cells Protect against infections Help repair tissue damage Have an extracellular matrix made of protein fibers and ground substance Have varying degrees of vascularity Have cells that usually divide
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The Body’s Glue: The Extracellular Matrix
5.1 Clinical Application The Body’s Glue: The Extracellular Matrix
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Connective Tissue Major Cell Types
Fibroblasts Fixed cell Most common cell Large, star-shaped Produce fibers Macrophages Wandering cell Phagocytic Important in immunity and prevention of infection Mast cells Fixed cell Release heparin Release histamine
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Connective Tissue Fibers
Collagenous fibers Thick Composed of collagen Great tensile strength Abundant in dense CT Hold structures together Appear white in abundance Elastic fibers Bundles of microfibrils embedded in elastin Fibers branch Elastic Appear yellow in abundance Reticular fibers Very thin collagenous fibers Highly branched Form delicate supportive networks
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Abnormalities of Collagen
5.2 Clinical Application Abnormalities of Collagen
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Connective Tissues Connective Tissue Proper: Loose connective tissue
Areolar Adipose Reticular Dense connective tissue Dense regular Dense irregular Elastic Specialized Connective Tissue: Cartilage Bone Blood
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Connective Tissue Types
Areolar Connective Tissue Mainly fibroblasts Gel-like ground substance Collagenous fibers Elastic fibers Binds skin to structures Beneath most epithelia Blood vessels nourish nearby epithelial cells Adipose Connective Tissue Adipocytes Cushions Insulates Stores fats Beneath skin Behind eyeballs Around kidneys and heart Between muscles Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Fat droplet Cell membrane Collagenous fiber Fibroblast Nucleus Ground substance Elastic fiber (a) (b) (a) (b) b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Dennis Strete, photographer b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer
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Connective Tissue Types
Reticular Connective Tissue Composed of reticular fibers Supports internal organ walls Walls of liver, spleen Dense Regular Connective Tissue Closely packed collagenous fibers Elastic fibers Fibroblasts Very strong Binds body parts together Tendons, ligaments, dermis Poor blood supply; slow to heal Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Collagenous fibers Fibroblasts Collagenous fibers White blood cell Fibroblast (a) (b) (a) (b) b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Dennis Strete, photographer
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Connective Tissue Types
Dense Irregular C.T. Randomly organized, thick, interwoven collagenous fibers Dermis of skin Around skeletal muscles Elastic Connective Tissue Abundant in elastic fibers Some collagenous fibers Fibroblasts Attachments between bones Walls of large arteries, airways, heart Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Stratified squamous epithelium Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Collagenous fibers Dense irregular connective tissue Fibroblast Elastic fibers (a) (b) Adipose tissue b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer
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Connective Tissue Types
Hyaline cartilage Most abundant Fine collagenous fibers Ends of bones Nose, respiratory passages Embryonic skeleton Cartilage Rigid matrix containing gel-like ground substance Chondrocytes in lacunae Poor blood supply Covered by perichondrium Three (3) types: Hyaline Cartilage Elastic Cartilage Fibrocartilage Elastic cartilage Flexible…due to elastic fibers External ear, larynx Fibrocartilage Very tough…due to many collagenous fibers Shock absorber Intervertebral discs Pads of knee and pelvic girdle
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Connective Tissue Types
Three (3) types of cartilage: Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Elastic fibers Nucleus Nucleus Lacuna Lacuna Chondrocyte Chondrocyte Extracellular matrix Extracellular matrix (a) (b) (a) (b) b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer Hyaline Cartilage Elastic Cartilage Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chondrocyte Nucleus Collagenous fiber Extracellular matrix (a) (b) b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer
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Connective Tissue Types
Bone (Osseous Tissue) Solid matrix Supports Protects Forms blood cells Attachment for muscles Skeleton Osteocytes in lacunae Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Osteon Lamella Central canal Lacuna Canaliculi (a) (b) Lacuna Osteocyte (c) b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Dennis Strete, photographer; c: © Prof. P. Motta/ Univ. “La Sapienza”/Photo Researchers, Inc.
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Connective Tissue Types
Blood Fluid matrix called plasma Red blood cells White blood cells Platelets Transports Defends Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. White blood cell Red blood cells Plasma (extracellular matrix of blood) Platelet (a) (b) b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./ Dennis Strete, photographer
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5.4: Types of Membranes There are four (4) types of epithelial membranes: 1. Serous Membranes Line body cavities that do not open to the outside Reduce friction Inner lining of thorax and abdomen Cover organs of thorax and abdomen Secrete serous fluid 2. Mucous Membranes Line tubes and organs that open to outside of body Lining of digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts Secrete mucus 3. Cutaneous Membranes Covers body Skin 4. Synovial Membranes Composed entirely of connective tissue Lines joints
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5.5: Muscle Tissues Skeletal muscle tissue General characteristics:
Attached to bones Striated Voluntary General characteristics: Muscle cells also called muscle fibers Contractile Three (3) types: Skeletal muscle Smooth muscle Cardiac muscle Smooth muscle tissue Walls of organs Skin Walls of blood vessels Involuntary Non-striated Cardiac muscle tissue Heart wall Involuntary Striated Intercalated discs
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Muscle Tissue Skeletal Muscle Smooth Muscle Cardiac Muscle (a) (b)
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Striations Cytoplasm Nucleus Nuclei Portion of a muscle fiber (a) (b) (a) (b) b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Alvin Telser, photographer, PhD b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Alvin Telser, photographer, PhD Skeletal Muscle Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Smooth Muscle Striations Nucleus Intercalated disc (a) (b) b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Alvin Telser, photographer, PhD Cardiac Muscle
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b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Alvin Telser, photographer, PhD
5.6: Nervous Tissue Found in brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves Functional cells are neurons Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Cellular process Neuroglial cells support and bind nervous tissue components Cytoplasm Nucleus Nucleolus Cell membrane Nuclei of neuroglia Sensory reception (a) (b) b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Alvin Telser, photographer, PhD Conduction of nerve impulses
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5.2 From Science to Technology
Tissue Engineering: Building a Replacement Bladder
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Important Points in Chapter 5: Outcomes to be Assessed
5.1: Introduction Describe how cells are organized into tissues. Identify the intercellular junctions in tissues. List the four major tissue types in the body. 5.2: Epithelial Tissues Describe the general characteristics and functions of epithelial tissue. Name the types of epithelium and identify an organ in which each is found. Explain how glands are classified. 5.3: Connective Tissues Describe the general characteristics of connective tissue.
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Important Points in Chapter 5: Outcomes to be Assessed
Compare and contrast the components, cells, fibers, and extracellular matrix (where applicable) in each type of connective tissue. Describe the major functions of each type of connective tissue. 5.4: Types of Membranes Describe and locate each of the four types of membranes. 5.5: Muscle Tissues Distinguish among the three types of muscle tissue. 5.6: Nervous Tissues Describe the general characteristics and functions of nervous tissue.
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Quiz 5 Complete Quiz 5 now! Read Chapter 6.
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