1. Chapter 11
Feeding the World

5. White boards
The world grows enough food for everyone, why are people still hungry?

7. White Boards
List the factors that have contributed to America’s obesity problem.

8. Nutrition
Chronic under nutrition -means not consuming enough calories to be healthy
Malnourished- is regardless of calories diets lack balance one half of the world is malnourished
Overnutrition -is the ingestion of too many calories and improper foods that can cause a person to become overweight

9. Reasons for Undernutrition and Malnutrition
Poverty
Political and economic factors
Agricultural resources being diverted to feed livestock and poultry rather than people
Eating unhealthy food

10. Guess a country that could collapse from food shortages?
Somalia ■ Sudan ■ Zimbabwe ■ Chad ■ Iraq ■ Democratic Republic of the Congo ■ Afghanistan ■ Ivory Coast ■ Pakistan ■ Central African Republic
■ Guinea ■ Bangladesh ■ Burma (Myanmar) ■ Haiti ■ North Korea ■ Ethiopia ■ Uganda ■ Lebanon ■ Nigeria ■ Sri Lanka

11. The Green Revolution
New management techniques and mechanization as well as the triad of fertilization, irrigation, and improved crop varieties. This has increased food production dramatically.

12. Green Revolution led to Industrial Farming
With fossil fuel use came more efficient farming and this led to industrial agriculture
Energy subsidy –the energy input per calorie of food produced
For example if we used 5 calories to produce food and we receive 1 when we eat that food then the food has an energy subsidy of 5.
Increasing the Yield Per Acre
Programs that have led to the development of new strains of crops with higher yields, better resistance to disease or better ability to grow under poor conditions
Improved Irrigation
Fertilizers
Mechanization

15. Mono cropping Large plantings of a single species or variety
This improves productivity

18. Pesticides Mono cropping encourages the use of pesticides
Pesticide- substance that controls or kills organisms that people consider pests.
Insecticides kill insects
Herbicides kill weeds
Broad-spectrum pesticides- designed to kill many different types of pests.
Selective pesticides- designed to kill a narrower range of organisms.
Persistent- pesticides that remain in the environment a long time.
Nonpersistent- pesticide that breaks down relatively rapidly, usually in weeks to months.

19. Bioaccumulation An example was DDT.
Bioaccumulation- some pesticides are found to build up over time in the fatty tissues of predators.
An example was DDT.
When an organism containing the pesticide is eaten, the chemical is transferred to the consumer.
This eventually leads to very high pesticide concentrations at high trophic levels.

20. Pesticide Treadmill
Resistance- pest populations may evolve resistance to a pesticide over time.
Pesticide treadmill- the cycle of pesticide development followed by pest resistance, followed by development of a new pesticide.

21. Six Ways Agro Ecosystems Differ from Natural Ecosystems
Try to stop ecological succession and keep the agroecosystem in an early successional state
Monoculture: Large areas planted with a single species
Crops are planted in neat rows
Farming greatly simplifies biological diversity
Plowing is unlike any natural soil disturbance
Genetic modification of crops.

22. Farming Methods
Conventional agriculture- industrial agriculture where labor is reduced and machinery is used.
Traditional farming- still used in the developing world where human labor is used and not machinery.
Shifting agriculture- used in areas with nutrient poor soils. It involves planting an area for a few years until the land is depleted of nutrients and then moving to another area and repeating the process.
Nomatic grazing- moving herds of animals to find productive feeding grounds.

23. Many environmental problems result from agriculture:
Soil erosion
Sediment transport and deposition downstream
On-site pollution from fertilizers and pesticides
Deforestation
Desertification
Degradation of water aquifers
Salinization
Accumulation of toxic metals and organic compounds
Loss of biodiversity

24. Desertification
Desertification is the deterioration of land in arid, semi- arid and dry sub humid areas due to changes in climate and human activities
Can be caused by
Poor farming practices
Conversion of marginal grazing lands to croplands

25. Where Eroded Soil Goes: Sediments Also Cause Environmental Problems
Ways to slow erosion:
Making Soil Sustainable
Contour Plowing
No-Till Agriculture
Combination of farming practices that include not plowing the land and using herbicides to keep down weeds.

26. Sustainable Agriculture
Sustainable agriculture- producing enough food to feed the world’s population without destroying the land, polluting the environment, or reducing biodiversity.
Intercropping- two or more crop species are planted in the same field at the same time.
Crop rotation- rotating crops species from season to season.
Agroforestry- intercropping trees with vegetables.
Contour plowing- plowing and harvesting parallel to the land to prevent erosion.

28. Sustainable Agriculture

30. No Till Agriculture
No-till agriculture- helps to stop soil degradation by leaving crop residues in the fields and not tilling the land after each harvest.

36. Integrated Pest Management
Integrated pest management- using a variety of techniques designed to minimize pesticide inputs.
Crop rotation
Intercropping
Planting pest resistant crop varieties
Creating habitats for predators
Limited use of pesticides

37. Organic Farming
Organic agriculture- production of crops without the use of synthetic pesticides or fertilizers.
3 Qualities
It is more like natural ecosystems than monocultures
It minimizes negative environmental impacts
The food that results from it does not contain artificial compounds

41. What do you think? Do you(your family) buy organic?
Would you buy organic if it was cheaper?

42. Genetically Modified Food
Genetically Modified Crops are modified by genetic engineers to produce higher crop yields and increase resistance to drought, cold, heat, toxins, plant pests and disease.

43. Benefits of Genetically modified food
Increased crop yield
Greater food quality
Increased profits
Increase in nutrition
Could reduce the need for pesticides and herbicides
Decrease hunger world wide

44. Concerns about genetically modified food
Concerns about safety for humans and the environment
Who is testing and researching GMO’s
Effects on natural biodiversity
Who is regulating
When is nature allowed to modify
How can we really know when it is safe

45. The Terminator Gene
A genetically modified crop which has a gene to cause the plant to become sterile after the first year
This way farmers have to keep buying new seeds but it does not allow for natural processes to take place.

46. Do you worry about the safety of GMO’s?
Discuss- why or why not?

47. Animal Farming Animals need food too.
Rangeland: Provides food for grazing and browsing animals without plowing and planting
Pasture: Plowed, planted and harvested to provide forage for animals
We also grow food to feed to animals which takes away from the food we need to eat.

48. High Density Animal Farming
CAFOs (concentrated animal feeding operations)- large structures where animals are being raised in high density numbers.

49. Annual Meat Consumption

51. White Boards
Would you eat less meat if you knew it was damaging the environment?
How can we encourage people to eat less meat?

52. Harvesting of Fish and Shellfish
Fishery- a commercially harvestable population of fish within a particular ecological region.
Fishery collapse- the decline of a fish population by 90% or more.
Bycatch- unintentional catch of non-target species.

53. Aquaculture Aquaculture Mariculture
The farming of food in aquatic habitats
Can also cause environmental harm and damage native fish.
Can help ocean fish populations by keeping up with food demands.
Mariculture
The farming of ocean fish
Most catfish, salmon, trout, and shrimp are farmed.