1. The Industrial Revolution and Latin America
AP World History Notes
Chapter 18
( )

2. After Independence in Latin America
Decimated populations
Flooded or closed silver mines
Diminished herds of livestock
Abandoned farms
Bankrupt treasuries
Shrinking international trade
Devastation from international wars
Politically unstable
Mexican-American War ( )
(Mexico lost huge territories to the U.S.)

3. After Independence in Latin America: Political Instability
Conservatives
Liberals
Favored centralized authority
Wanted social status quo of colonial era
Wanted to maintain an alliance with strong Catholic Church
Attacked the Church in the name of Enlightenment values
Wanted social reforms
Preferred federalism

4. After Independence in Latin America: Political Instability
Conflicts between conservatives and liberals often became violent
Enabled caudillos (military strongmen) to achieve power as defenders of order

5. After Independence in Latin America
And some mestizos who rose through military ranks to become caudillos
Social life did not change much
Slavery and legal distinctions between the races were abolished, but divisions remained in reality
Mostly Creole whites
Owned businesses, ranches, and plantations
Middle class = small
Mestizos
Teachers, shopkeepers, artisans
Lower class = majority of people
Black people, Native Americans, many mixed-raced people
Impoverished; Worked on small subsistence farms, in mines, or on haciendas (plantations)

6. Facing the World Economy
2nd half of 1800s = many countries in Latin America became more stable and started to integrate into the world economy driven by the industrialization of the U.S. and Western Europe
Rapid growth of Latin American exports to these countries
Industrialized countries needed food products, raw materials, and markets of new Latin American states

7. Facing the World Economy
Latin American Country
Export(s)
Mexico
Silver
Chile
Copper (for electrical industry); nitrates (for fertilizers)
Bolivia
Tin (for tin cans)
Peru
Guano = bird droppings (for fertilizers)
Amazon rain forest
Wild rubber (for bicycle and car tires)
Central America
Bananas
Argentina
Beef
Ecuador
Cacao
Brazil and Guatemala
Coffee
Cuba
Sugar

8. Facing the World Economy
In exchange for these goods, Latin American countries received: textiles, machinery, tools, weapons, and luxury goods from Europe and the U.S.
European countries and the U.S. also invested capital ($$) in Latin America
Mostly to build railroads there to help funnel exports to the coast

9. Becoming Like Europe? Latin American Progress
Economies growing and producing more
Population growing
Public health measures  safe drinking water, sewers, inoculations, etc.
Rapid urbanization
Mexico City in the late 19th Century

10. Becoming Like Europe?
To become more like Europe, Latin America wanted more actual Europeans
Targeted impoverished European immigrants
Promised them a new and prosperous life in the New World  most promises unfulfilled
Immigrant family from eastern Europe arriving in Buenos Aires, Argentina in the early 19th century

11. Effects of the Export Boom on Society
Upper-class landowners (1% of population) = gained as exports continued and their property values soared
Middle-class urban dwellers (8% of population) = grew in numbers and prosperity
Skills = valuable in a modernizing society
Professionals, lawyers, merchants, office workers, etc.
Everyone else = lower class = mostly impoverished
Lived in rural areas
New segment of lower class = urban workers  worked in mines, ports, railroads, and a few factories
Miners at Chihuahua, Mexico, 1868

12. Effects of the Export Boom on Society
Latin American urban workers created mutual aid societies, organized unions, and engaged in strikes to protest their harsh work environment and conditions
Authoritarian governments = acted harshly to crush unions and strikes
Wanted stability and progress in Latin America
A crowd of Mexican workers being addressed during the miners’ strike in 1906

13. The Mexican Revolution
Local protests and violence were frequent, but only in Mexico did this erupt into nationwide revolution
Middle-class reformers joined with workers and peasants to overthrow the long dictatorship of Porfirio Diaz ( )
Peasant armies under charismatic leaders like Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata helped oust Diaz

14. The Mexican Revolution
= decade of bloody conflict that followed
About 1 million lives were lost
Goal = to seize land and redistribute it to the peasants
Many of Mexico’s large haciendas attacked

15. New Mexican Constitution (1917)
Proclaimed universal suffrage
Provided for redistribution of land
Stripped Catholic Church of any role in public education
Forbade Catholic Church from owning land
Minimum wage law
Eight-hour workday
Restrictions on foreign ownership of property
**Mexican Revolution’s influence = limited to Mexico; did not have a wider impact
The Constitution of 1917
Painting by Jorge Gonzalez Camarena

16. No Industrial Revolution in Latin America: Why Not?
90% of its population = in an impoverished lower class
Very small market for manufactured goods
Economically powerful groups (landowners, cattlemen, etc.) = benefited from exporting agricultural products
Little incentive to invest in manufacturing
Political leaders embraced free trade
Meant no tariffs on foreign products – so domestic manufacturing companies couldn’t compete
Depiction of the lower class supporting the upper classes

17. T.R. corollary

18. Monroe Doctrine

19. Pros Cons Railroads built Foreign trade increased Industry developed
Mining expanded
Central power strengthened
Industry capital from foreigners
Special rights granted to them
Wealthy landowners purchased indian land
Peonage system
Child mortality increased
Child literacy low
Children working 12 hours
Pro or con??

20. Changes Caudillos similar to peninsulares
Continuities
Changes
Caudillos similar to peninsulares
Dependent of foreign financing and military support
Upper class still controlled most of the wealth and decision making
Still predomiantly non-industrialized (monoculture-exporter of one cash crop)
Dependent on foreign infrastructure
Largely Spanish Speaking and Roman Catholic
Indigenous still no rights in constitutions
Agriculture still primary export
Slavery will exist in Brazil and Cuba till late 19th century (sugar)
Patriarchy persisted with machismo( no right for women to vote)
Workers still exploited in mines, agricultre
Many European style cities existed from Spanish conquest
Portugese King Alfonso ruled from Brazil
Popular soverignty and new nations
Development of new nationalism and creole elites
New constitutions
Slavery and legal distinctions between the races were abolished (on paper)
Providede industrial countries raw materials in return for textiles and other finished products (change?)
Investment in some infrastructure like railroads and ports( for funneling exports)
European style city improvement ( massive
Monroe Doctrine (U.S. utilized diplomacy and military to intervene in U.S business interests in Latin America)
Divide and conquer (U.S. support of Panama over Colombia to develop canal to cut shipping in half)
urbanization)
European migration
New middle class
Unions unsuccessfully strike to attempt to end worker abuse

21. Latin America remained independent, did not provide military forces to the West, and was
outside of the imperial scramble. The profits of economic expansion were not drained off by
Western merchants.
 But Latin America was in many ways reduced to an economic dependency typical of "true
colonies"; economic expansion was based on the export of raw materials and markets were
dependent on the West. The West provided capital for initiation of industry and often owned
the industries. The labor force often was exploited in a manner similar to colonial labor
forces.

22. COT? Conclusion: New Nations, Old Problems.
 Despite all of the economic, social, and political changes occurring in Latin America after
independence its countries remained remarkably unchanged. Revolutions and reforms
changed little.
 The elite held on to control of economic resources; the urban sector was weak and often
accommodated the elite.
 Most of the population worked the land without hope of improvement.
With independence most nations had republican governments; liberal constitutions extended
the vote.
 Their economies no longer were under European dictation.
 Slavery, the base of exploitative labor, ended by 1888.
 The colonial heritage of a society based on castes of color and race was more difficult to
overcome. Indians continued to be oppressed and remained at the bottom of the social
structure. Even liberal land reforms and redistribution plans discriminated against Indians
and mestizos.
 There were frequent rebellions of peasants and Indians against governments dominated by
creole aristocracies.
Monroe Doctrine (U.S. utilized diplomacy and military to intervene in U.S business interests in Latin America)
Divide and conquer (U.S. support of Panama over Colombia to develop canal to cut shipping in half)

23. Latin America’s Economic Growth
Latin America’s economic growth = financed by capital from abroad
Latin America became dependent on European and North American prosperity and decisions
Many U.S. companies allied with landowners and politicians in Latin America to set up businesses there
“New form of colonialism”  indirect, behind the scenes power exercised by foreign investors
The United Fruit Company was a U.S.-owned company in Guatemala