1. Conduction
Particles in a solid are always vibrating. If the solid gets hotter, the particles vibrate more.
Note: the particles don't swap places, or move around they just vibrate more on the spot.
Heat energy
Solids are better at conducting heat than ………………. and ……………. because their particles are closer together. If the particles are too spaced out it makes it ……………… for the energy to pass along.
Having said that, some solids conduct heat more than others. Metals are ……….. conductors. Non-metals are …………… conductors (insulators).

2. Convection
This heat transfer can happen through liquids and gases.
When a liquid is heated it becomes less dense (lighter) so it rises, cold liquid takes its place.
The same thing happens when air is heated. The hot air rises and cold air takes its place

3. Radiation
A warm or hot object emit (gives off) infrared radiation as heat waves, which can be absorbed (taken in) by another object, heating it up.
The weird thing is that the surface colour of an object makes a difference.

4. Absorption of Radiation
Matt dark surfaces are better absorbers of infrared radiation than shiny light surfaces.
Which metal block will heat up quicker?
If you lived in a hot country, would you paint your house a light colour or a dark colour?

5. Emission of Radiation
Matt dark surfaces are better emitters of infrared radiation than shiny light surfaces.
Hot soup 62ºC
Which hot soup cup will lose heat quicker?
If you had a food home delivery business, would you deliver the hot food in dark coloured containers or Aluminium foil?

6. Explain the following:
Bubble wrap can keep your ice cream cold and can keep your chips hot.
A fur coat is warmer if worn inside out.
You would crawl close to the floor in a smoke filled room
A pan is made of aluminium but its handle is made of plastic

7. Explain the following:
In the Victorian times, Gardeners used to collect the black soot from their chimneys and mix it with their soil to help the plants grow better.
The heating element is at the bottom of an electric kettle.
Two identical cups of cocoa are sitting on a table.  One has a metal spoon in it and one does not.  After five minutes, which cup is cooler?

8. Explain the following:
Solar panels are always coloured black.
The cooling coil element is at the bottom of the fridge.
Several days after the end of a snowstorm, the roof of a house is completely covered with snow, another house's roof has no snow. Which house is probably better insulated?
Marathon runners are wrapped in foil blankets at the end of the race.

9. dark metal sheet
shiny metal sheet
marble stuck to metal sheet by small piece of wax
Describe what happens to each of the marbles at the back of the metal sheets.