1. International Relations
Wilder and more complex than domestic politics
No world government: “State of Nature”
Dependent on power, not just force
Different countries, different national interests
Main actors
Governments of sovereign states
International organizations: UN, MNCs, terrorist groups, NGOs

2. Types of National Interest
Vital versus secondary
Temporary versus permanent
Specific versus general
Complementary versus conflicting

3. Types of National Interest
Physical survival & security
Economic prosperity
National values and identity

4. Why War? Micro theories Macro theories - Balance of power
- Hierarchy of power
Misperception

5. Keeping Peace World government Collective security Functionalism
Third-party assistance
Diplomacy
Peacekeeping & Peacemaking
Dealing with terrorism: “Planned violence against civilians for a political purpose”

6. Beyond Sovereignty? The United Nations (UN)
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
European Union (EU)

7. The Roots of U.S. Foreign and Military Policy
The Constitution lays out the institutional framework for foreign and defense policy.
Foreign policymaking power is clearly a federal power, not a power of the states.
The Framers intended to divide responsibility for foreign affairs between the president and Congress.

8. The Monroe Doctrine
In the 1820s Latin American countries began to declare their independence from European colonial powers.
The U.S. under President James Monroe announced that any attempt to re-extend political control over Latin America would be met with force.

10. U.S. Foreign Policy Cycles
Interventionism
Isolationism

11. World War I World War I broke out in Europe in 1914.
The U.S. tried to remain neutral (and retain freedom to sell goods to Britain) but was eventually forced into the war by the German policy of unrestricted submarine warfare.
Over 5 million Americans served in WWI.
Following the war the U.S. and most other countries returned to a policies of high tariffs and isolationism.

12. The United States Becomes a World Leader
The Great Depression and Adolf Hitler shook the U.S. out of its isolation and back onto the world stage.
In 1939, WWII began. The United States soon found that its strategy of isolationism, unilateralism, and strict neutrality failed to make the country secure and keep it out of war.
In December 1941, the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor, and Germany declared war on the U.S.

13. United Nations
Learning from the lessons of isolationism and trade wars following WWI the allies took an internationalist approach following WWII.
Before the end of WWII, FDR, Churchill, and the allies created the United Nations to promote security of member nations and promote economic prosperity around the globe.
The five great powers – U.S., Soviet Union, China, France, and Great Britain – were seated on the Security Council.

14. Bretton Woods and The Marshall Plan
Following WWII, international institutions were established to solve global economic problems.
The common view at the Bretton Woods meeting was that the depression of the 1930s and the rise of fascism could be traced to the collapse of international trade and isolationist foreign policies.
The Marshall Plan was enacted to aid the recovery of war torn European nations.
At Bretton Woods the World Bank and IMF were established.

15. The Origins of the Cold War
At the end of WWII, Joseph Stalin, leader of the USSR, encouraged the spread of communism through eastern and central Europe and into the Balkans.
President Truman responded with the Truman Doctrine to contain the expansion of communism.
This was the beginning of a bipartisan consensus in foreign affairs to resist communism and oppose the Soviet Union that lasted until the late 1980s.

18. Searching for a New International Order: 1989-2001
1989 Revolt by Eastern Europe
Communist governments fell and the Soviet Union did nothing to stop it.
U.S. helped with transitions to democracy as did other countries.
1990 Iraqi Invasion of Kuwait: Operation Desert Storm
1991 Soviet Union collapsed: “World Communism” gone.
1993 United States had multifaceted foreign and military policy agenda
Somalia, breakup of Yugoslavia
Clinton faced complex world & his administration decided to:
Engagement: U.S. would remain actively involved in foreign affairs.
Enlargement: U.S. would actively promote the expansion of democracy and free markets throughout the world.
NAFTA, and the World Trade Organization

19. Presidential Primacy in Foreign Affairs
Since George Washington, the president has been preeminent in foreign affairs and has gotten even more powerful in recent years.
Alexander Hamilton argued for presidential supremacy in foreign relations because foreign policy was different than domestic policy in several ways.
It requires:
accurate and comprehensive knowledge of the world
a steady and systematic adherence to the same view
a uniform sensibility to the national character
decision, secrecy, and dispatch

20. Congress and Foreign Policy
Congress has some constitutional powers (advice and consent) in foreign relations and sometimes seeks to assert them.
Congress primarily exercises its oversight powers to hold the president accountable for his/her foreign policy.

21. Treaties and Executive Agreements
The Constitution grants the president the power to commit to legally binding international commitments.
Treaties (with Senate consent)
Executive Agreements

22. The War Powers Act
In 1973 Congress passed the War Powers Act to limit the president’s authority to introduce American troops into hostile situations.
All presidents since Nixon insist that this Act is unconstitutional and have ignored all or parts of the act.
The Act limits presidential deployment of troops to 60 days without a congressional vote. The period could be extended 30 days to allow for withdrawal of troops. The president would be allowed to respond to an emergency but not wage a war without Congressional approval.
In reality, this Act has not hindered presidents at all.

23. The Public
Some scholars suggest that public opinion on issues of foreign affairs and defense has two dimensions resulting in four opinion groups.
Militarism/nonmilitarism
Isolationism/internationalism
Often more interested in domestic than foreign affairs
Elections are way to express approval/disapproval of existing policy.
Public Action
Example of widespread resistance to draft during Vietnam War
May work through nongovernmental organizations such as Amnesty International

24. The Most Important Problem: Domestic or Foreign, 1947-2002

25. 21st Century Challenges Promotion of Democracy in the world
Bush Agenda: A new order?
Relations with Mexico and other Latin American States
European and Russian meetings with heads of state
Intention to pursue ballistic missile defense, reduce nuclear arms
Intrusion of 9/11
Focus on combating terrorism
War on Terrorism: multifaceted, global undertaking
Priorities: defense of the homeland and war on terrorism
Promotion of Democracy in the world

26. 9/11 and Terrorism Growth of al-Queda United States
Islam vs Soviets in Afghanistan in 1980’s
Bin Laden Role
Complaints RE: America
1998 U.S. Embassy Bombings in Africa
United States
Terrorism: Crime or War or ??
Who is in Charge of Dealing with Terrorism?
FBI & Law Enforcement: The “Wall”
CIA & Intelligence Agencies
Information Gathering (Spying and Analysis)
Covert Action
Role of Department of Defense
Congress & Oversight
Intelligence & Armed Service Committees

27. Iraq War
Bush administration made clear in the summer of 2002 that Saddam Hussein was an immediate danger to the security of the U.S.
WMDs and U.N. Inspectors
Bush and Blair convinced other countries of the need for ousting Hussein, but did not convince all of the U.N. Security Council.
France and Russia in opposition
Proceeded anyway and Hussein overthrown in spring of 2003
Aftermath complex, difficult to maintain order.
Abu Ghraib
Elections
Ongoing effort

28. Other 21st Century Challenges
Identifying policies to pursue in the national interest
Balancing foreign and domestic affairs
Meeting threats from weapons of mass destruction and information warfare
Addressing drug and environmental problems
Deciding when to intervene overseas
Choosing between unilateralism and multilateralism

29. Historical Systems 19th century balance of power system
Interwar system
Bipolar Cold War system

30. What System is Emerging?
Unipolar
Hub-and-spokes
Multipolar
Stratified
Zones-of-chaos
Repolarized
Globalized
Resource-wars
Clash-of-civilizations
Proliferation