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Introduction to the physics of the SiPM
Angela Intermite Liverpool Group Meeting
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Optical fiber sensor for beam loss monitoring
SiPMs Angela Intermite 2/10 2
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Overview What is a Geiger mode avalanche photodiode?
How to quench an avalanche? What are the main sources of noise? Dark count Cross talk Afterpulsing Are there some good reasons for preferring SiPM? Angela Intermite 3/10 3
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A reverse p-n junction The operation of a rev p-n junction includes:
carrier generation carrier transport and/or multiplication extractions of carriers. Angela Intermite 4/10
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How to quench the avalanche
Passive Quenching Advantage - Cheap, very simple circuitry Disadavantage - Slow recovery time Active Quenching Advantage - Very fast transitions Disadavantage - Expensive especially for SiPM with high N Cova et alt. Angela Intermite 5/10 5
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Sources of noise: Dark count
Band to band recombination or radiative recombination Trap assisted recombination, also called Shockley Read Hall effect Auger recombination Angela Intermite 6/10 6
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Sources of noise: Cross-talk and Afterpulsing
Direct cross-talk Inside the depletion layer. Through reflection Afterpulsing It depends on: Trap concentration in the junction depletion layer number of carriers generated during a Geiger pulse. Angela Intermite 7/10 7
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Some good reasons for choosing SiPM...
VACUUM TECHNOLOGY SOLID-STATE PMT MCP-PMT HPD PN, PIN APD SiPM Photon detection efficiency Blue 20 % 60 % 50 % 30% Green-yellow 40 % 80-90 % 60-70 % 50% Red 6 % % 80 % 40% Timing / 10 ph.e 100 ps 10 ps tens ns few ns tens of ps Gain 106 – 107 3 - 8x103 1 200 105 – 106 Operation voltage 1 kV 3 kV 20 kV 10-100V V 100 V Operation in the magnetic field 10-3 T Axial magnetic field 2 T 4 T No sensitivity Threshold sensitivity (S/N1) 1 ph. e 100 ph. e 10 ph.e 1 ph.e Shape characteristics sensible bulky compact sensible, bulky robust, compact, mechanically rugged Radiation hardness? Angela Intermite 8/10
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Conclusions Physics of SiPM Quenching circuitry Main sources of noise:
Dark count Cross talk Afterpulsing Differences between SiPM, PMT and APD Angela Intermite 9/10
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Thank You !
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