2. Future Flight: Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) Integration

3. Overview Unmanned Aircraft Systems FAA Authority UAS Registration
Types of UAS Operations
Modeler Operations (Part 101)
Small UAS Rule (Part 107)
Operating Rules
Becoming a Pilot
Next Steps in Integration
Focus Area Pathfinders & Extended Operations
Research, Security, & Enforcement
Outreach Efforts

4. UAS: Anybody Can Do It

5. Wright Brothers, Jet Engine… UAS?
Industry forecasts indicate potential worldwide market for commercial and military UAS at nearly $90 billion over next decade

6. Economic Impact Estimated at $82B with over 100,000 Jobs Created – AUVSI
Precision agriculture and public safety expected to comprise of 90% of UAS markets
Economic impact in the first 3 years: $13.6 billion
Cumulating to more than $82.1 billion
By 2025, total job creation (expected): 103,776
70,000 new jobs expected in first 3 years
States likely to be impacted most:
California
Washington
Texas
Florida
Arizona
Connecticut
Kansas
Virginia
New York
Pennsylvania
Anticipated 150,000 unit sales annually for agricultural purposes at maturity
Potential for 50% growth in first year, additional 5% growth in subsequent years (use in agricultural markets)
Japan year one: 20% growth with no previous knowledge of systems (1990)
U.S. growth expected to mimic Japan
Total projected spending, 2015:
$2,096.5 million ($41,929,742-$61,565,404 expected to agriculture)
Total job creation: 21,565 ( new jobs)
Largest impact California
Direct impact:
$366.9 million ($185,307,769 agriculture)
3,774 new jobs (1,942 agriculture)
Indirect impact:
$85,230,970-$14,302,673 agriculture
new jobs agriculture
Induced spending:
$96,348,773 agriculture
1,010 new jobs agriculture

7. UAS: Friend or Foe?

8. What is the FAA’s Authority?
U.S. airspace is public space
49 U.S.C. §40103(a)(1)
UAS are aircraft subject to regulation
49 U.S.C. §40102(a)(6); 14 CFR 1.1; PL §331, §336
An aircraft is any device used, or intended to be used, for flight
UAS must comply with FAA regulations
The FAA has exclusive authority to manage the airspace and civil aircraft operations. This is codified in congressional law. This includes UAS, model aircraft, from the surface to the edge of space.
There are several regulations that state “no person may operate an aircraft unless…” So there are enforceable rules UAS must follow.
There are state or local restrictions that do impact some UAS operations. Like the TV man used to say “Check local listings”
49 USC 40103: Sovereignty and use of airspace
40103 (1) (a): the United States government has exclusive sovereignty of airspace of the United States
49 USC 40102: Definitions
40102 (a) (6): “aircraft” means any contrivance invented, used, or designed to navigate, or fly in, the air.
14 CFR 1.1: Unmanned aircraft means an aircraft operated without the possibility of direct human intervention from within or on the aircraft.
PL : definitions of UAS as determined by Congress
PL : Special rule for model aircraft (now also regulated in Title 14 CFR Part 101)

9. Online UAS Registration
Applies to small UAS under 55 lbs. flown outside
Owner must provide name, address,
Non-recreational owners must provide make, model, and serial number (if available) of each sUAS
The DOT and the FAA want this promising segment of the aviation industry to thrive, while encouraging a culture of accountability and responsibility among UAS operators that mirrors that of the larger aviation community. Greater accountability will help protect innovation, which is in danger of being undermined by reckless behavior.
Registration promotes responsible use and helps to foster innovation by making the registration requirements less burdensome on UAS operators
In October 2015, the FAA announced a task force to develop recommendations for a small UAS registration process
The Task Force met for three days in November 2015, delivering its final recommendation report on November 20
The FAA published an Interim Final Rule on December 14, 2015
All UAS between 0.55 and 55 pounds must be registered through the online system and be marked with the registration number
Hobby operators can register once and apply registration number to multiple aircraft; commercial/public operators must register each small UAS separately and apply registration number to each aircraft
Hobby registration opened December 21
Commercial registration opened March 31, 2016.
As of the end of September, more than 550,000 people had registered with the FAA using the online system

10. Who Operates Them? Modeler Civil Public
Recreational Operators (Modelers or hobbyists) – Part 101
Operations below 400’/Remote Area/5 miles from airport
Not for commercial operations (compensation or hire)
Civil
An entity other than public – Part 107/SAC EC
No commercial operations (compensation or hire) unless stipulated in terms and conditions of exemption for SAC-EC
Public
intrinsically governmental in nature (i.e. federal, state, and local agencies) 49 U.S.C
Operator must qualify as public entity
Operation must qualify as government function (public interest)
Examples: Department of Defense (DoD); other local, state, and federal government agencies and some universities

11. Types of UAS Operations
Recreational Operations
Non-recreational/Commercial Operations
Pilot Requirements
No pilot requirements
Must have Remote Pilot Airman Certification
Must be 16 years or older
Must pass TSA vetting
Aircraft Requirements
Must be registered if over 0.55 pounds
Must be less than 55 pounds
Must undergo pre-flight checklist
Location Requirements
Must notify all airports & air traffic control (if applicable) within five miles of operations
Class B, C, D, and surface E airspace require ATC permission
Class G and rest of Class E without ATC permission
Operating Rules
Must ALWAYS yield right of way to manned aircraft
Must keep aircraft in visual line-of-sight
Must follow community-based safety guidelines
Must keep aircraft in visual line-of-sight*
Must fly under 400’, or w/i 400’ of a structure *
Must fly only during daylight/twilight hours*
Must fly at or below 100 mph*
Must yield right of way to manned aircraft*
Must NOT fly over people*
May fly from a moving vehicle*
Definitions
Education or recreational flying only
Flying for commercial use
Flying incidental to a business
Flying non-profit operations
*These requirements are subject to waiver.

12. Model Aircraft Operations
Special Rule for Model Aircraft (14 CFR Part 101)
No FAA authorization
Must fly safely at all times:
Community based safety guidelines
Avoid manned aircraft
Maintain visual line-of-sight
Notify airports / ATCTs w/i 5 sm
Must register & mark UAS before flying outdoors
Interpretation of the Special Rule for Model Aircraft Published in the Federal Register – June 2014
FAA Modernization and Reform Act of 2012 redefined “model aircraft” – Section 336, now regulated under Title 14 CFR Part 101
Interpretive Rule published to clarify to public meaning of the Law and regulations
Law requires notification of airport when model aircraft operated within 5 miles of published airport center
Received more than 33,000 public comments following publication to the Federal Register
FAA published Advisory Circular 91.57A on September 2, 2015 to ensure guidance to model aircraft users is in line with Section 336 and the FAA’s Interpretation (this replaces AC 91-57)

13. The Small UAS Rule (Part 107)
First rules for routine operation of small UAS (<55 pounds)
Took effect August 29, 2016
Recreational operators may fly under Part 107 or Part 101
On June 21, 2016, the Department of Transportation’s Federal Aviation Administration finalized the first operational rules for routine commercial use of small unmanned aircraft systems (UAS or “drones”), opening pathways towards fully integrating UAS into the nation’s airspace.
The new rule offers safety regulations for unmanned aircraft drones weighing less than 55 pounds that are conducting non-hobbyist operations.
Part 107 will not apply to model aircraft. Model aircraft operators must continue to satisfy all the criteria specified in Section 336 of Public Law /Title 14 CFR Part 101
Part 107 allows routine access to the national airspace system (NAS) for certain small UAS operations
This process largely replaces the Section 333 grant of exemption process for commercial or public UAS operators
Current Section 333 operators may operate under the conditions and limitations of their Section 333 or they may operate under the requirements of Part 107
They may not mix-and-match from the rules – if they remain under 333, they must follow all the conditions of 333
Operations conducted under Part 107 require a remote pilot-in-command to hold a remote pilot certificate, which requires that they
Be 16 years or older
Pass TSA vetting
For operations conducted completely under Part 101/Section 336, a remote pilot certification is not necessary.

14. Part 107 Basics Requires a Remote Pilot Certificate
Must pre-flight UAS
No medical issues affecting safety
<400’ AGL or within 400’ of a structure; other airspace requires a waiver
UAS must weigh <55 lbs.
UAS must be registered
The rule’s provisions are designed to minimize risks to other aircraft and people and property on the ground.
In order to operate with Part 107, the pilot must have a Remote Pilot Certificate
The pilot has to pre-flight, and determine that the UAS is in a safe condition for flight, before every flight.
The pilot may not fly if he/she has any physical or mental condition that would impact the safety of the flight
Maximum altitude is 400’ AGL or within 400’ radius of a structure
UAS must weigh less than 55 lbs.
And, the UAS must be registered.

15. Operating Rules Visual line-of-sight only
Daylight or civil twilight only
No operations over people
Must yield right-of-way to manned aircraft
One UAS per operator
Max groundspeed of 100 mph
External load permitted if load does not affect flight control and is secure
Operating/Airspace Rules
The basic operating rules for flights under part 107:
The rule requires pilots to keep an unmanned aircraft within visual line of sight.
Operations are allowed during daylight and during twilight if the drone has anti-collision lights.
No operations over people
Must yield right-of-way to manned aircraft
One UAS per remote pilot-in-command at a time (no swarming)
Maximum speed is 100mph/87 knots
External load operation only permitted if they do not affect flight operations or control
The rule also address height and speed restrictions and other operational limits, such as the restrictions for flying while in a moving vehicle.
This is an abbreviated list; there are other operating rules, so please read the rule and the Advisory Circular
Regulations that can be waived, provided there are safety measures in place:
Operation from a moving vehicle or aircraft*
Daylight operation
Visual line-of- sight aircraft operation*
Operation of multiple small unmanned aircraft systems
Yielding the right-of-way
Operation over people
Operation in certain airspace
Operating limitations for small unmanned aircraft
This refers to speed and altitude
*No waiver of this provision will be issued to allow the carriage of property of another by aircraft for compensation or hire (no delivery).
Applicants can only submit waiver requests through the on-line portal at our website. The FAA strives to process waiver requests within 90 days, however it will depend on the complexity of the request.

16. Waivable Provisions of Part 107
Operation from a moving vehicle or aircraft (§ )
Daylight operation (§ )
Visual line of sight aircraft operation (§ )
Visual observer (§ )
Operation of multiple small UAS (§ )
Yielding the right of way (§ (a))
Operation over people (§ )
Operation in certain airspace (§ )
Operating limitations for small UAS (§ )
Online portal available at

17. Becoming a Pilot under Part 107
16 years old or older
Read, write, speak English
Must pass an aeronautical knowledge exam at an FAA-approved Knowledge Testing Center
Current pilots can opt for online training course instead of the knowledge exam
No medical issues impacting safety
TSA background
security screening
UAS operators who fly under the small UAS rule must obtain a Remote Pilot Certificate (RPC).
The Remote Pilot must:
Be at least 16 years old
Be able to read, write, speak, and understand English (exceptions may be made for medical reasons, such as a hearing impairment)
Be in a physical and mental condition to safely operate a small UAS
Pass the initial aeronautical knowledge exam at an FAA-approved knowledge testing center. Since current pilots have already been examined for almost all of the knowledge required, they have the option of completing an on-line training course instead of the exam.
Have their certificate easily accessible when operating
The certificate is valid for 24 months, after which remote pilots will have to pass a recurrent knowledge exam.
First time pilots must pass an aeronautical knowledge exam at an FAA-approved Knowledge Testing Center. The cost depends on the Testing Center.
Detailed information about how to obtain a RPC is available on our website at

18. Aeronautical Knowledge Exam Topics
Applicable regulations relating to small unmanned aircraft system rating privileges, limitations, and flight operation
Airspace classification and operating requirements, and flight restrictions affecting small unmanned aircraft operation
Aviation weather sources and effects of weather on small unmanned aircraft performance
Small unmanned aircraft loading and performance
Emergency procedures
Crew resource management
Radio communication procedures
Determining the performance of small unmanned aircraft
Physiological effects of drugs and alcohol
Aeronautical decision-making and judgment
Airport operations
Maintenance and preflight inspection procedures

19. Focus Area Pathfinders – Expanding Operations
3 Focus Area Pathfinder Partners:
CNN
Exploring visual line-of-sight operations over people
Precision Hawk
Exploring extended visual line-of-sight operations in rural areas
BNSF Railways
Exploring beyond visual line-of-sight operations in rural areas
The FAA is well aware the UAS operations will go beyond Part Partnering with three U.S. companies we’re researching UAS operations beyond the scope of the small UAS rule (part 107).
Pathfinder projects enable the FAA to work closely with industry to develop and validate operational concepts for certification, operations, and safety beyond those contained in established or proposed policies and procedures.
Partners committed resources to perform research in three areas:
Focus Area 1 – CNN: news gathering operations over people
Received two 333 exemptions for Phase 1 operations conducted with free flight and tethered UAS
Receive waiver from 14 CFR § operations over human beings (8/29/16)
Focus Area 2 – PrecisionHawk: agricultural operations with extended visual line-of-sight in rural areas; that is, beyond the pilot’s visual capability but still within a distance to clear the airspace of manned aircraft traffic
First test flights took place in North Carolina late November 2015
Phase 1 conducted from October 2015 to January 2016; series of flight tests to detect extended visual line-of-sight (EVLOS) capabilities
Phase 2 will test EVLOS max ranges and higher altitudes
Received waiver from 14 CFR § Visual line of sight aircraft operation and 14 CFR § (b) & (c)(2) Visual observer (8/29/16)
Focus Area 3 – BNSF Railroad: infrastructure inspections beyond visual line-of-sight in rural areas
Phase 1 conducted in New Mexico in October 2015 with airworthiness certificate and Section 333 exemption
Phase 2 in progress to test command and control technologies and develop repeatable procedures for BVLOS operations
Received waiver from 14 CFR § Daylight operation, 14 CFR § Visual line of sight aircraft operation, 14 CFR §107.33(b) Visual observer, 14 CFR §107.51(c) and (d) Operating limitations for small unmanned aircraft (8/29/16)

20. UAS Test Sites University of Alaska State of Nevada
Includes test ranges in Hawaii and Oregon
Operational May 5, 2014
State of Nevada
Operational June 9, 2014
New York Griffiss International Airport
Includes test ranges in Massachusetts
Operational August 7, 2014
North Dakota Department of Commerce
Operational April 21, 2014
Texas A&M University – Corpus Christi
Operational June 20, 2014
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech)
Includes test ranges in New Jersey (partnered with Rutgers University) and Maryland
Operational August 13, 2014
Post-award conference held with each Test Site
Technical Interchange Meetings – held twice a year
March meeting held at Wm. J. Hughes Technical Center
100 Attendees
2 Days
Next meeting scheduled for September at Virginia Tech’s Blacksburg, VA campus
All Test Sites approved for operations and issued COA by August 2014
North Dakota Department of Commerce
COA granted April 21; first flight May 5
2 ½ months ahead of the 180 day FMRA requirement
University of Alaska
COA granted May 4; first flight same day
State of Nevada
COA granted June 9
Texas A&M – Corpus Christi
COA granted June 20
New York Griffiss Airport
COA granted August 7
Virginia Tech
COA granted August 13

21. Part 107 Airspace Requirements    
Class B, C, D & Class E surface areas require ATC authorization
Class G & rest of Class E don’t require ATC authorization
Phased approach to airspace authorizations
Online portal available at
The rule requires flights in Class B, C, D, and surface area Class E get authorization from air traffic control. UAS flight in Class G, and the rest of Class E airspace don’t need permission from air traffic control. The FAA has an online airspace authorization portal available at
The FAA is taking a phased approach to airspace authorizations. All requests for airspace authorization under Part 107 must go through this portal.
Operators may submit their requests now, but air traffic facilities will receive approved authorizations, if granted, according to the following tentative schedule:
Class D & E Surface Area are being issued now.
Class C: October 31, 2016
Class B: December 5, 2016
The safety criteria for the waivers can be found on the UAS website at:

22. Impact on Agriculture
UAS operations expected to be the future of agriculture
Safer, less costly operations
Greater precision/ability to see broad visual overview of crop conditions
Trimble submitted application for Section 333 exemption for geospatial mapping; approved December 2014
Yamaha approved by FAA for type certificate for RMAX unmanned helicopter
Currently used for chemical application in Japan and Australia

23. Agriculture Exemptions
Over 70 companies granted Section 333 exemptions for agriculture:
Trimble Navigation, Ltd.
Advanced Aviation Solutions
Pravia, LLC
Viafield
BOSH Precision Agriculture dba Digital Harvest
3D Aerial Solutions
FalconSkyCam
Quiet Creek Corporation
Many more….
NPRM later this year
Will address largest commercial demand
Until it is out, all (except Arctic and Section 333 exemption) commercial uses illegal
Test sites excepted (R&D)

24. Certificate Mgmnt Team (CMT) w/RMax
First in AEA region – ROC FSDO – Agrowdrone.
Certificate Mgmnt Team (CMT) w/RMax
First Part 137 certificate to a UAS in the NAS.

25. Myths about UAS Unmanned aircraft are not aircraft and not regulated
Title 49 USC and Title 14 CFR
FAA Doesn’t Control Flights below 400’
CFR 91.13: Ground/water/air prevention of collisions
Business purpose is okay over private property and I can use my model to fly commercially
All commercial aircraft subject to CFR: certified pilot and a/c
The US is lagging other countries in approving commercial “drones”
NAS largest in the world: FAA Cert vs assumption of liability
Harmonization ongoing with ROW
Information on new website:

26. FAA Outreach: Education, Compliance and Enforcement
Interpretive Rule Communication Plan
Immediate Actions
Press release/infographic
Guidance for Aviation Safety Inspectors and Air Traffic Control
Law enforcement outreach
Follow-on Actions
Continued partnership with Academy of Model Aeronautics (AMA)
Establish partnerships with:
Other agencies
Manufacturers/industry

27. “Know Before You Fly” Outreach Campaign
Announced December 22, 2014
provides prospective UAS users with information and guidance to fly safely and responsibly
founding members: AUVSI, Academy of Model Aeronautics (AMA) and the Small UAV Coalition
partnered with FAA
other Supporters include:
Consumer Electronics Association (CEA) – January 7, 2015
Experimental Aircraft Association (EAA) – January 9, 2015

28. FAA Working with Industry on “Know Before You” Fly Campaign
FAA reached voluntary agreement with UAS manufacturers to include guidance materials in packaging
manufacturers who voluntarily committed include: DJI, Parrot and Yuneec Electrical Aviation
DJI has already begun including material in their Phantom 2 Quadcopter boxes

29. B4UFly Mobile App Map Mode 1 of 3 modes Informative Interactive
Filtering options

30. Reporting Unsafe UAS Activity
While flying or at the airport:
Report the sighting to Air Traffic Control
Note the location, altitude, and characteristics of the aircraft
Anywhere else:
Call local law enforcement
The FAA has published guidance for law enforcement to help them respond to unsafe UAS activity
Be as detailed & specific as possible
Location, altitude, direction, pictures, videos, etc.
Due to more UAS flights, and better reporting, near mid-air collisions and incidents have come to the forefront of aviation safety. It reveals the increased risk UAS present to our National Airspace System and the need for careful integration.
Law enforcement agencies and the FAA are working together to prevent and if needed respond to UAS flights inside sporting event Temporary Flight Restrictions (TFRs). Violators are subject to criminal and civil penalties.
You can help us make things better for all the folks that want to fly UAS safely and responsibly.
If you see someone flying their UAS in a way that doesn’t look safe, it’s probably not. Please report it.
In the air or near at the airport, you can call Air Traffic Control.
If it’s endangering you, or anyone else, dialing 911 is your best option.
It helps the FAA’s investigation to get as much detailed information as possible regarding the incident. Who, what, where, when, pictures, video etc.

31. UAS In the news

32. Questions?

33. UAS in Lawmaking
Four states - Florida, Idaho, Montana and Virginia have already passed laws to control the use of drones by law enforcement.
FL, ID, an MT: Barred police from using drones without a warrant in most cases
Virginia has barred their use by law enforcement (with exceptions) for two years.
According to a tally by the American Civil Liberties Union, legislation to limit drone use has been proposed in 41 states and remains active in 32 states.

34. Getting to Integration
Today
Accommodation
Mid-term
Transition to NAS Integration
Long-term
Integration into the NextGen NAS
Up until last year “integration” was all about public (governmental) aircraft accommodation via Certificates of Waiver or Authorization (COA)
However, in August 2012, the FAA received the first civil certification application; once the certification process has been put to the test, modified for UAS, and the first civil UAS is certified, it will open up another avenue for NAS access
Mid term begins integration, which includes:
Releasing and then finalizing the small UAS rule
Implementing NAS Voice System
Standardizing procedures
Long term includes:
Integration of UAS into Next Gen UAS

35. What are UAS? Unmanned Aircraft (UA) Aircraft Control Station
Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) historically were called by various terms:
drone/RPA/ROA/RPV/UAV Model/R-C
FAA defines UAS as a system
Unmanned Aircraft (UA)
Aircraft Control Station
Command & Control Link/s
Pilot
Communication
Additional notes:
While unmanned aircraft have been around for years, many of us know them by a variety of terms and as you can see come in a variety of shapes and sizes; from the Global Hawk with wing span of a B737 to ones that can fit in your hand
UAS can range in weight from a few grams to thousands of pounds and can operate at altitudes from near surface to the edge of space
Not limited to fixed wing single engine aircraft – Unmanned helicopters and airships are flying today
Some Unmanned Aircraft remain aloft for minutes others for days
Research designs may allow UAS to remain aloft for months
Some Unmanned Aircraft fly slowly while others are capable of very high speeds
Some Unmanned Aircraft require a prepared runway while others can be launched and recovered from unprepared fields, ships, aircraft, rooftops, or by hand

36. FAA Vision for UAS Integration
Safe, Efficient, and Timely integration of UAS into the national airspace
SAFE
Because safety is the FAA’s primary mission
EFFICIENT
FAA is committed to reduce delays and increase system reliability
TIMELY
FAA is dedicated to supporting this exciting new technology