1. The Internet and the World Wide Web
Chapter 8
The Internet and the World Wide Web

2. Learning Objectives
Discuss how the Internet evolved and what it is like today.
Identify the various types of individuals, companies, and organizations involved in the Internet community and explain their purposes.
Describe device and connection options for connecting to the Internet, as well as some considerations to keep in mind when selecting an ISP.
Understand how to effectively search for information on the Internet and how to properly cite Internet resources.
List several useful things that can be done using the Internet, in addition to basic browsing and .
Discuss censorship and privacy and how they are related to Internet use.

3. Overview This chapter covers: The evolution of the Internet
The Internet community
Different options for connecting to the Internet
Internet searching
Common Internet applications beyond Web browsing and
Censorship and privacy issues

4. Evolution of the Internet
Internet: Largest and most well-known computer network, linking millions of computers all over the world
Furnishes a standard way of sending messages and information across virtually any type of computer platform and transmission media
While Internet has become a household word only during the past decade, it has actually operated in one form or another for much longer than that

5. Evolution of the Internet
ARPANET: The predecessor of the Internet, named after the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA), which sponsored its development
Initially connected four supercomputers
Eventually grew into today’s Internet
The World Wide Web: The collection of Web pages available through the Internet
Proposed by Tim Berners-Lee in 1989
Originally only text-based content
Release of the graphical Mosaic browser in 1993 led to graphical content
Wide variety of content available via Web pages today
Internet2: Researches advanced Internet applications and technologies

6. Evolution of the Internet

7. The Internet Community Today
Most members of the Internet community fall into one or more of the following groups
Users: People who use the Internet
Internet service providers (ISPs): Provide access to the Internet, typically for a fee

8. The Internet Community Today
Internet content providers: Supply the information that is available on the Internet
Businesses and schools
Government
Individuals
Application service providers (ASPs): Provide access to Web-based software applications
Web services: Added to Web pages to provide specific services for end users
Infrastructure companies: Own or operating the physical structure of the Internet
Hardware and software companies
The government and other organizations
Internet Society, ICANN, W3C, etc.

9. Myths About the Internet
Myth 1: The Internet is free
Most people and businesses pay for Internet access
Free services are often in exchange for providing contact information or viewing advertisements
Fee-based content is growing
Micropayments may be implemented in the future for Web content

10. Myths About the Internet
Myth 2: Someone controls the Internet
No single entity controls the Internet
Governments can somewhat regulate Internet use within its country but difficult to control it well
Myth 3: The Internet and World Wide Web are identical
Internet = physical network
WWW = one resource (Web pages) available via the Internet
Other resources are available via the Internet
e.g. FTP

11. FTP

12. Getting Set Up to Use the Internet
Typically involves three decisions:
Determining the type of device you will use to access the Internet
Selecting the type of connection desired
Deciding on the Internet service provider to be used
Once these determinations have been made, your computer can be set up to access the Internet

13. Type of Device Possible devices include:
Desktop, notebook, or tablet PCs
Internet appliances
Mobile devices
Gaming devices

14. Type of Connection and Internet Access
Connections can be:
Dial-up
PC has to dial via a phone line to connect
Conventional dial-up
Slower, but cheaper
Ties up phone lines
Relatively secure from hackers
ISDN
Faster, but pricey
Doesn’t tie up phone line
Used by businesses and individuals

15. Type of Connection and Internet Access
Direct (always on)
PC is continually connected to the Internet
Direct connections are typically broadband
Used in the home and office
Because you are always connected, it is important to protect your computer from hackers

16. Direct Connections
T1 lines: High-speed, usually used by schools and large businesses
T3 lines are even faster
Cable: Most widely used home broadband connection
DSL: Broadband delivered over telephone lines
Must be less than 3 miles from a switching station
Transmits over telephone lines but does not tie up the line
Satellite: Broadband option for rural areas
Slower and more expensive that cable or DSL
Available in many areas other broadband options are not

17. Direct Connections
Fixed wireless: Uses radio transmission towers rather than satellites
Not available in all areas
Expected to use WiMAX
Broadband over Fiber (BoF): Delivers over fiber-optic cabling all the way to the building
Available in limited areas
Fast but expensive
Mobile wireless: Access via mobile phone or device
Hotspot: Public wireless networks
Both free and fee-based are available
Currently Wi-Fi so short range, but WiMAX may soon be an option

18. Hotspots

19. Common Types of Internet Connections

20. Selecting an ISP

21. Setting Up Your PC To set up your PC Install necessary hardware
Install necessary software
Select user name, access telephone number (for dial-up connections), and a payment method
Perform any necessary set-up to share the connection with other computers or devices

22. Searching the Internet
Effective Internet searching: A very important skill
Search sites: Web sites that help you find Web pages containing the information you are seeking
Typically use a search engine in conjunction with a database containing information about Web pages to locate appropriate Web pages
Many search sites available
Real-time search engines are emerging
Search the Web live rather than relying on a database

23. Searching the Internet
Keyword search
Keywords are typed in a search box to locate information on the Internet
Matching Web pages are called hits
Clicking on a Web page name displays that page
Directory search
Categories are selected to locate information on the Internet
Some search sites search multiple search sites (metasearch sites) and others allow natural language searches
Many search sites contain additional tools
Search for music files, image files, newsgroups, news articles, maps, people, telephone numbers
Google is one of the most versatile search sites

24. Searching the Internet

25. Search Site Tools

26. Search Strategies
Use phrase searching (more than one keyword)

27. Search Strategies Use Boolean operators (AND, OR, NOT)
Use multiple search sites
Use appropriate keywords
Use synonyms (different words that mean the same thing)
Use variant word forms (variations of your keywords, alternate spellings, etc.)
Use wildcards (such as * to search for keyword patterns)

28. Search Strategies
Use field searches (searches limited to a particular characteristic, such as page title, page text, URL, or domain)

29. Evaluating Search Results
The quality of a hit can be preliminarily evaluated by looking at:
Page title and description
Company or organization hosting the page
General guidelines for evaluating a Web page include considering:
Source
Author
Timeliness
Accuracy

30. Evaluating Search Results

31. Citing Internet Resources
To avoid plagiarism, proper citation procedures should be used for all Internet content used in a paper, book, or on a Web site
Plagiarism is discussed in more detail in Chapter 16

32. Beyond Browsing and E-Mail
Many other activities available via the Internet in addition to Web browsing and
Online communications
Social networking
Online shopping and investing
Online entertainment
Online news, reference, and information
Online education and writing

33. Types of Online Communications
Instant messaging (IM): Exchange of real-time messages
Buddy list
Presence technology

34. Types of Online Communications
Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP): Making telephone calls over the Internet
PC to PC
Voice over Wi-Fi
Permanent set-ups

35. Types of Online Communications
Discussion groups (message boards, newsgroups, or online forums): Read and post messages
Chat rooms: Multiple users chat in real time
Videoconferencing: Two-way conference using computers and communications technology
Webinars: Web seminar, more one-way
Blogs (Web log): Post short, frequently updates entries in chronological order

36. Social Networking
Social networking sites: Create a community of individuals with common interests
MySpace, Facebook, etc. allow people to post information about themselves
Video and photo sharing (YouTube, Flickr, etc.
Collaborative news communities (Digg)
Social bookmarking (del.icio.us)
Used for politics and business
Business networking sites
Family networking sites
Users should be careful not to reveal too much about themselves for safety reasons

37. Social Networking

38. Online Shopping and Investing
E-commerce: Online financial transactions
Precautions
Be sure all e-commerce activities are performed via a secure Web server (
Use a credit card whenever possible
Online shopping: Purchasing goods and services online
Can purchase items via manufacturers, large businesses, small businesses, etc.
Usually paid via credit card, though other options may be available

39. Online Shopping and Investing
Online auctions: Buying via an auction format online (eBay, etc.)
Buy from individuals
Can bid until auction closes
Buyer arranges payments and delivery with seller
Seller pays auction fees
Online banking (transfer funds, check balances, pay bills, etc.)
Online investing (buy and sell stocks, bonds, and other securities
Online portfolios
Some stock quotes are delayed
Auction and stock quote pages may need to be reloaded to show current data

40. Online Shopping and Investing

41. Online Entertainment Online music
Internet radio stations: Listen to music live
Online music stores: Used to purchase and download music singles and albums in digital format legally
Some available legally via peer-to-peer (P2P) file sharing services
Online TV, online videos, video-on-demand (VoD)
Live TV, full episodes
Music, news, home videos, etc.
VoD: Movies and other video content ordered and delivered on demand
Online gaming: Games played over the Internet
Web-based games, online multiplayer games, etc.

42. Online Entertainment

43. Online News, Reference, and Information
Available through Web sites belonging to news organizations, television networks, newspapers, magazines, etc.
News sites are usually regularly updated throughout the day
News archives are often available (sometimes requires a fee)
Reference sites
Provide access to specific types of useful information
Phone and address directories, weather, maps, home values, encyclopedias, dictionaries, etc.

44. Online News, Reference, and Information

45. Portal Pages, RSS Feeds, Podcasts, and Widgets
Portal Web page: Designed to be displayed as a browser’s home page and visited on a regular basis
Often contain news, calendars, , and other tools
Usually personalized
iGoogle, My Yahoo!, My MSN, etc.

46. Portal Pages, RSS Feeds, Podcasts, and Widgets
RSS (Really Simple Syndication): Delivers news, podcasts, and other regularly published content
Individuals subscribe to an RSS feed and new content is delivered to them as it becomes available
Podcasts: Recorded audio or video available via the Internet
Prepared by individuals and companies
Widgets: Small programs displayed on portal pages, desktops, dashboards, etc.
Can be used to display headlines, among other uses
e.g. Windows Vista gadgets

47. Product, Corporate, and Government Information
The Web is a useful tool for locating product and corporate information, as well as governmental information and publications

48. Online Education
Online education: Using the Internet to facilitate learning
Web-based training (WBT): Instruction delivered via the Web
Corporate training, tutorials, etc.
Distance learning: Students take classes from location other than campus
Advantages: Self-paced instruction, flexible location, up-to-date material, immediate feedback, and customized content
Disadvantages: Technology requirements and problems, anonymity, and lack of face-to-face contact

49. Online Education This textbook has:
Web site at with interactive activities, practice tests, etc.
Blackboard learning platform
SAM testing, etc.

50. Online Education Online testing: Taking tests via the Internet
Available for both objective and performance-based exams
Typically are graded automatically
Security is an issue
Authorized testing centers
Secure testing systems

51. Online Education Online writing Blogs: Personal Web logs
Wikis: Editable collaborative Web page
E-portfolios: Personal online portfolio

52. Censorship and Privacy Issues
Censorship issues
Some countries block some Internet content
Free speech vs. offensive or indecent materials
Internet filtering: Using software or browser options to block access to particular Web pages or types of Web pages
Used by individuals, schools, employers, public computers, etc.
Can use browser settings or special filtering software

53. Internet Filtering

54. Censorship and Privacy Issues
Web browsing privacy: Privacy of Web activities
Cookies: Small files stored on the user’s hard drive by a Web server
Add functionality (such as shopping carts and personal preferences) to Web sites
Can be used to track Web activity
Cookie information can be personally identifiable or non-personally identifiable
Cookie data can be viewed or deleted
Cookie settings can be changed and software can be used to manage cookies

55. Cookies

56. Cookies

57. Censorship and Privacy Issues
Web bugs: Small, usually invisible, images on a Web page that transmits data to a Web server
Difficult to spot or stop
Software can be used to notify you when Web bugs are being used
Spyware: Software that transmits data secretly through the user’s Internet connection
Can be blocked and/or removed using security software (discussed in Chapter 9)
Adware: Software supported by onscreen advertising
Often included in free programs

58. Censorship and Privacy Issues
privacy: Privacy of the messages you send and receive
Only encrypted can be transmitted privately
Employers and ISPs have access to the you send through those organizations
Businesses and ISPs typically archive messages

59. Summary Evolution of the Internet Getting Set Up to Use the Internet
Searching the Internet
Beyond Browsing and
Censorship and Privacy Issues