1. Characteristics of Metals
Metals and Welding

2. Metallurgy
Process - The art and science of extracting metals from their ores, refining them, and processing them for use (including compounding alloys)
Physical – behavior of the structure and composition of the metal (shaping, fabricating, heat treating, welding)

3. Mechanical Properties Terms Relative to Tensile Strength (Resistance to the act of pulling apart.)
Stress - The load pressure (measured in 1000psi) of a metal before it stretches.
Strain - Elongation that occurs during the pulling action.
Yield Point - Amount of force required to stretch the metal until it is permanently deformed.

5. Terms Related to Tensile Strength (continued)
Elastic Range of Limit - The maximum stress the metal will support without permanent deformation.
Ultimate Strength - The maximum load the metal will support in tension.
Modulus of Elasticity - The ratio of stress to strain used to compare elasticity of metals.

6. Other Mechanical Properties
Ductility - The property of a metal to be formed into shapes without breaking (drawn into wire).
Compression strength - The ability of a metal to withstand a compression force before deforming.
Torsion - The ability of metal to withstand a turning or twisting motion.
Shear strength - The ability of metal to withstand shearing pressure.

8. Physical Properties
Hardness - The characteristic of metal which resists scratching, abrasion or indentation.
Toughness - The ability of a metal to absorb repeated abuse before failing.
Brittleness - The ability of the material to absorb shock or impact.

9. Physical Properties (continued)
Corrosion Resistance - The ability of a metal to resist chemical action.
Electrical Resistance - The ability of metal to resist carrying an electric current (opposite of conductivity).
Fusability - Measure of ease of melting.
Thermal Expansion - Increase in size of metal from changes in temperature.
Cost – not a physical property, but must be considered

10. Ferrous Metals Made up of Iron and Carbon
Classification is based upon amount of carbon and the finish process
Steel – less than 1.7% Carbon
Cast Iron – more than 1.7% Carbon

11. Ferrous Metals
Wrought iron - Very ductile, easily worked cold, high corrosion resistance.
Rivets, ornamental work
Low carbon steels - tough, ductile,easily formed, machined and welded.
Bolts, nails, sheet metal

12. Ferrous metals cont.
Medium carbon steels - strong and hard, but not as easily forged or welded as low carbon.
Ag. machinery, bars, plates
High carbon steels - Respond well to heat treating to obtain any degree of hardness, temper or strength; special welding rods are required.
Screw drivers, pliers, drive shafts

13. Ferrous metals (continued)
Very high carbon - mechanical characteristics are similar to high carbon.
Chisels, punches, dies, taps, files, metal cutting saws.
High speed steel (Alloy Steel) - contains carbon with cobalt, molybdenum and tungsten. Withstands heat from high speed operations.
Drills, milling cutters, taps, dies

14. Ferrous metals (continued)
Gray cast iron - containing free carbon and silicon; brittle, resists rust. Slow cooling – graphite flakes.
Ag. machinery, engine blocks
White cast iron - carbon does not separate, very hard, white or silvery when broken, high wear resistance. Quick cooled.
Disc bearings

15. Ferrous Metals (continued)
Malleable cast iron - white cast annealed to produce a steel skin;bends without breaking.
High strength Ag. machinery parts, some tools.
Ductile cast (Nodular) - addition of magnesium increases ductility, high strength.
Replaces gray and malleable cast.

16. Non-Ferrous Metals
Brass - alloy of copper and zinc, harder than copper.
Hinges, screws, other hardware
Bronze - alloy of copper and tin, tough, wear resistant, highly corrosion resistant.
Machinery parts, bearings

17. Non-Ferrous cont.
Aluminum - light weight, good strength, high electrical conductivity, excellent heat transfer, corrosion resistant.
Trailers, airplanes, food handling equipment
Magnesium - lightest weight, has low strength in pure form, produces magnesium oxides when burned.
Wheels, lawn mower frames

18. Non-Ferrous cont.
Zinc - used for galvanizing, very corrosion resistant.
Nickel - increases hardness and improves resistance to corrosion in steel.
Lead - heavy and soft, considered a health hazard
Soldering

19. Non-Ferrous cont. Tin - very high corrosion resistant.
Solder, brass, bronze and pewter
Copper - excellent conductor of electricity and heat, very workable (ductile).
Wire, water pipes, radiators
Tungsten - high melting point, tungsten carbide is very hard.
Cutting and piercing tools

20. Last of the Non-Ferrous
Silver - very soft, excellent conductor of electricity; sterling silver is 92.5% silver and 7.5% copper.
Metal alloys
Gold - 24 karats is pure gold.
Plating and jewelry

21. Affects of Elements on Steel
Chromium
Hardness and resistance to wear
Manganese
Toughness and ductility
Molybdenum
Strength and toughness
Nickel
Strength, corrosion and shock resistance
Tungsten
Tough, hard, resistant to wear
Cobalt
Remain hard at red hot
Vanadium

22. Reading Assignment Metals Iron & Steel and Their Alloys
Metal Identification
Drill Bits