1. Gunpowder Empires
Unit 4 

2. Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal

3. Common Elements They were Islamic They existed around the same time
Established by nomadic Turkish conquerors
First post-Mongol empires to use gunpowder as main weapon
Centralized gov. with bureaucracies to manage empire
Experienced similar means of decline
LAND BASED empires (vs. Spain/ England after 1500)

4. Ottoman Empire

5. Ottoman Stats From 1300s-1922 AD (longest lived) Religion: Sunni
Named after Osman.
Took place of Seljuk Turks after Mongol attacks
Spread throughout Anatolia (Turkey), Balkans, Eastern Europe (up to Vienna), Arabia, and Northern Africa
Central monarchy: the sultan. (Suleyman) Grand Vizier as the advisor.

6. Safavid Empire

7. Safavid Stats 1502-1722 AD Shi’ite and Sufi (later banned)
Ismail (Safaviya)
Took control after Timur (Mongol)
Central monarchy: the Shah. (Ismail and Abbas I)
Long time enemy of Ottomans
Persian influence (Persia…Abbasid… Il Khanate of Persia… Safavid… Iran)

8. Ottoman…no…Safavid
Comparison

9. Ready for the fight Ottoman Safavid
Cavalry= warrior aristocracy +land grant system +no guns
Janissaries= conquered male Christian  Islam converts. Foot soldiers. +guns +growth in power (good-bye cavalry)
Qizilbash=nomadic elite +land grant +no guns
gunpowder troops made up of slaves (Christian  Islam converts)
Challenged power of nomad chiefs
Never possessed a navy
More open to European input

10. Ottoman and Safavid Life
Absolute monarchy, loses touch with people over time
Lacked clear rules for succession  political turmoil and eventual decline of empire
Religiously tolerant. Non-Muslims=high tax
Merchants came to hold great power
Istanbul become important international center of trade.
Women not allowed out in public.

12. Tale of Two Cities Istanbul Isfahan Huge center of trade. (port city)
Large palaces
Cosmopolitan
More simplistic architecture
Little to no wheeled vehicles
Center of trade (land locked)
Large palaces
Multi-ethnic
Elaborate architecture
No wheeled vehicles
Known for silk and Persian rugs

13. Decline Inflation caused by cheap silver Land-grant= major tax problem
Resistant/unable to keep up with changes (Europe) +Ottoman= out traded +Safavid= resistant to technology
HOW DOES THIS COMPARE TO EUROPE AT THIS TIME?

14. Decline Ottoman Safavid Too big to maintain
Elites lose touch= janissaries revolt
Domains return to local groups (unofficially)
Tax farming
WWI
Weak rulers= disruption of silk production
Lost support of nomads
Maurding Afghans took control

15. Mughal Empire

16. Mughal Stats 1526-1761 (name lasted until 1800s)
Babur (Turko-Mongol) descendant of Timur
Famous ruler: Akbar the Great ( )
Muslim rulers in a mostly Hindu country
Major challenge: central control of a region used to regional control
No NAVY

17. Akbar the Great Empire at its peak
Improved Muslim Hindu relations: - encouraged intermarriage -Rajputs in high gov. positions - abolished jizra or non-Muslim tax (sort of) -respected cows, lifted ban on Hindu buildings
Creates “Divine Faith” Muslim, Hindu, Zoroastrianism, Christian, and Sikh dies with him
Great-grandson Aurangzeb changes everything 

18. Life in Mughal Had the land-grant system for military elite
Patriarchal -child marriages -sati
Taj Mahal building (architecture, female power)
Growth of Sikhism= Hindu + Islam -Aurangzeb kills ninth guru= angry Sikhs -resistance helps Mughal decline
Miniature paintings, poetry, and public works

20. Mughal-nomics Trade: cotton, indigo, and silk
Privately owned ships= Indian, English, or Dutch
European countries highly valued Indian cotton

21. Mughal Decline
Aurangzeb, religious zealot, does not make a lot of friends. Expands empire
Fighting and forcing conversion to Islam= drain on money
Too busy converting= regional leaders fighting to take back control (Afghanistan, Deccan plateau, Bengal)
After his death there is political instability.
European joint-stock companies take advantage= later European domination
Land-grant failures

22. Trade Empires Indian Ocean (1600-1729)
Trade networks maritime empires
Advantage Europeans: -better ships and navigation -cannons -joint-stock companies (Eng. East India Company and Dutch East India Company)
Biggest opponent: Muslim traders

23. Islamic Success Encouraged intermarriage
Southeast Asia: -not sure how it spreads (merchants or sufi preachers) -port cities to the inland
Resistance to Europeans: Acheh (Sumatra) and Brunei (Borneo)
Islam modified slightly to adapt to cultures

24. Dutch Invasion Kick Portuguese out of East Indies
Dutch East India Company -efficient -governor-general’s absolute power
Control of spices
1st- took Malacca 2nd-took control of Java and Sumatra 3rd-set-up colony of Batavia
Traders to producers (teak and coffee)
Reached Australia, Tasmania, and New Zealand

25. East Africa Swahili Port cities= Muslim
Not unified -geography -commercial competition (amber, gold, ivory, ambergris, and slaves)
Slaves for Arabian ports and India
Portuguese take control
1650 Omani Arabs kick out Portuguese