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Barriers to entry Barriers to entry for individuals into the job market
Examples of barriers restricting individuals from entering a job market include educational, licensing, and quota limits on the number of people who can enter a certain profession.

Leadership Varieties of individual power
According to Patrick J. Montana and Bruce H. Charnov, the ability to attain these unique powers is what enables leadership to influence subordinates and peers by controlling organizational resources. The successful leader effectively uses these powers to influence employees, and it is important for leaders to understand the uses of power to strengthen their leadership.

The authors distinguish the following types of organizational power:

Legitimate Power refers to the different types of professional positions within an organization structure that inherit such power (e.g. Manager, Vice President, Director, Supervisor, etc.). These levels of power correspond to the hierarchical executive levels within the organization itself. The higher positions, such as president of the company, have higher power than the rest of the professional positions in the hierarchical executive levels.

Reward Power is the power given to managers that attain administrative power over a range of rewards (such as raises and promotions). Employees who work for managers desire the reward from the manager and will be influenced by receiving it as a result of work performance.

Coercive Power is the manager's ability to punish an employee. Punishment can be mild, such as a suspension, or serious, such as termination.

Expert Power is attained by the manager due to his or her own talents such as skills, knowledge, abilities, or previous experience. A manager who has this power within the organization may be a very valuable and important manager in the company.

Charisma Power: a manager who has charisma will have a positive influence on workers, and create the opportunity for interpersonal influence.

Referent Power is a power that is gained by association. A person who has power by association is often referred to as an assistant or deputy.

Information Power is gained by a person who has possession of important information at an important time when such information is needed to organizational functioning.

Financial market Individuals & Doubles
Many individuals are not aware that they are lenders, but almost everybody does lend money in many ways. A person lends money when he or she:

puts money in a savings account at a bank;

contributes to a pension plan;

pays premiums to an insurance company;

Alternative terms for free software Dualism of FOSS
The primary difference between free software and open source is one of philosophy. According to the Free Software Foundation, "Nearly all open source software is free software. The two terms describe almost the same category of software, but they stand for views based on fundamentally different values."

Alternative terms for free software Dualism of FOSS
Thus, the Open Source Initiative considers many free software licenses to also be open source. These include the latest versions of the FSF's three main licenses, the GPL, the Lesser General Public License (LGPL), and the GNU Affero General Public License (AGPL).

Productivity The dual approach for the formulation
Here we have to add that the change of real income can also be computed from the changes in income distribution. We have to identify the unit price changes of outputs and inputs and calculate their profit impacts (i.e. unit price change x quantity). The change of real income is the sum of these profit impacts and the change of owner income. This approach is called the dual approach because the framework is seen in terms of prices instead of quantities (ONS 3, 23).

Productivity The dual approach for the formulation
In this case the duality means that the same accounting result is obtained by accounting the change of the total income generation (real income) and by accounting the change of the total income distribution.

MAC address Individual address block
An Individual Address Block is a 24-bit OUI managed by the IEEE Registration Authority, followed by 12 IEEE-provided bits (identifying the organization), and 12 bits for the owner to assign to individual devices. An IAB is ideal for organizations requiring fewer than 4097 unique 48-bit numbers (EUI-48).

Amazon.com Alleged Mistreatment of Individual Sellers
Amazon has faced scrutiny from numerous individual sellers who have claimed that Amazon unexpectedly closed their accounts, and subsequently withheld their funds for indefinite time frames. According to Section 5.k of the Amazon Seller's Participation agreement, Amazon may earn interest on funds collected from buyers before they are disbursed to sellers, meaning Amazon can increase their earnings by delaying disbursement.

Conventional PCI Dual-cycle address
To allow 64-bit addressing, a master will present the address over two consecutive cycles. First, it sends the low-order address bits with a special "dual-cycle address" command on the C/BE[3:0]#. On the following cycle, it sends the high-order address bits and the actual command. Dual-address cycles are forbidden if the high-order address bits are zero, so devices which do not support 64-bit addressing can simply not respond to dual cycle commands.

Privacy An individual "right"
Westin defines privacy as "the claim of individuals, groups, or institutions to determine for themselves when, how, and to what extent information about them is communicated to others"

Each individual is continually engaged in a personal adjustment process in which he balances the desire for privacy with the desire for disclosure and communication of himself to others, in light of the environmental conditions and social norms set by the society in which he lives. - Alan Westin, Privacy and Freedom, 1968

Under liberal democratic systems, privacy creates a space separate from political life, and allows personal autonomy, while ensuring democratic freedoms of association and expression.

David Flaherty believes networked computer databases pose threats to privacy. He develops 'data protection' as an aspect of privacy, which involves "the collection, use, and dissemination of personal information". This concept forms the foundation for fair information practices used by governments globally. Flaherty forwards an idea of privacy as information control, "[i]ndividuals want to be left alone and to exercise some control over how information about them is used".

Lessig claims "the protection of privacy would be stronger if people conceived of the right as a property right", and that "individuals should be able to control information about themselves"

Anarchism Individualist anarchism
Individualist anarchism refers to several traditions of thought within the anarchist movement that emphasize the individual and their will over any kinds of external determinants such as groups, society, traditions, and ideological systems. Individualist anarchism is not a single philosophy but refers to a group of individualistic philosophies that sometimes are in conflict.

Godwin advocated individualism, proposing that all cooperation in labour be eliminated on the premise that this would be most conducive with the general good.

Egoist anarchists argue that egoism will foster genuine and spontaneous union between individuals

He is best known for his books Walden, a reflection upon simple living in natural surroundings, and his essay, Civil Disobedience, an argument for individual resistance to civil government in moral opposition to an unjust state

From these early influences individualist anarchism in different countries attracted a small but diverse following of bohemian artists and intellectuals, free love and birth control advocates (see Anarchism and issues related to love and sex), individualist naturists nudists (see anarcho-naturism), freethought and anti-clearical activists as well as young anarchist outlaws in what became known as illegalism and individual reclamation (see European individualist anarchism and individualist anarchism in France)

Boolean algebra Duality principle
There is nothing magical about the choice of symbols for the values of Boolean algebra. We could rename 0 and 1 to say α and β, and as long as we did so consistently throughout it would still be Boolean algebra, albeit with some obvious cosmetic differences.

But suppose we rename 0 and 1 to 1 and 0 respectively. Then it would still be Boolean algebra, and moreover operating on the same values. However it would not be identical to our original Boolean algebra because now we find ∨ behaving the way ∧ used to do and vice versa. So there are still some cosmetic differences to show that we've been fiddling with the notation, despite the fact that we're still using 0s and 1s.

But if in addition to interchanging the names of the values we also interchange the names of the two binary operations, now there is no trace of what we have done. The end product is completely indistinguishable from what we started with. We might notice that the columns for x∧y and x∨y in the truth tables had changed places, but that switch is immaterial.

When values and operations can be paired up in a way that leaves everything important unchanged when all pairs are switched simultaneously, we call the members of each pair dual to each other. Thus 0 and 1 are dual, and ∧ and ∨ are dual. The Duality Principle, also called De Morgan duality, asserts that Boolean algebra is unchanged when all dual pairs are interchanged.

One change we did not need to make as part of this interchange was to complement. We say that complement is a self-dual operation. The identity or do-nothing operation x (copy the input to the output) is also self-dual. A more complicated example of a self-dual operation is (x∧y) ∨ (y∧z) ∨ (z∧x). It can be shown that self-dual operations must take an odd number of arguments; thus there can be no self-dual binary operation.

The principle of duality can be explained from a group theory perspective by fact that there are exactly four functions that are one-to-one mappings (automorphisms) of the set of Boolean polynomials back to itself: the identity function, the complement function, the dual function and the contradual function (complemented dual). These four functions form a group under function composition, isomorphic to the Klein four-group, acting on the set of Boolean polynomials.

Brand - Individual branding
Each brand has a separate name (such as Seven-Up, Kool-Aid or Nivea Sun (Beiersdorf)), which may compete against other brands from the same company (for example, Persil, Omo, Surf and Lynx are all owned by Unilever).

Brand - Individual and organizational brands
There are kinds of branding that treat individuals and organizations as the products to be branded

Communication - Individual linguistic ability
The use of jargon, difficult or inappropriate words in communication can prevent the recipients from understanding the message. Poorly explained or misunderstood messages can also result in confusion. However, research in communication has shown that confusion can lend legitimacy to research when persuasion fails.

IPv6 - Dual IP stack implementation
Dual-stack (or native dual-stack) refers to side-by-side implementation of IPv4 and IPv6. That is, both protocols run on the same network infrastructure, and there's no need to encapsulate IPv6 inside IPv4 (using ) or vice-versa. Dual-stack is defined in RFC 4213.

IPv6 - Dual IP stack implementation
This means cable network operators must resort to until the backbone equipment supports native dual-stack.

Multilingualism - Multilingual individuals
A multilingual person, in a broad definition, is one who can communicate in more than one language, be it actively (through speaking, writing, or signing) or passively (through listening, reading, or perceiving). More specifically, the terms bilingual and trilingual are used to describe comparable situations in which two or three languages are involved. A multilingual person is generally referred to as a polyglot. Poly (Greek: πολύς) means "many", glot (Greek: γλώσσα) means "language".

Multilingual speakers have acquired and maintained at least one language during childhood, the so-called first language (L1). The first language (sometimes also referred to as the mother tongue) is acquired without formal education, by mechanisms heavily disputed. Children acquiring two languages in this way are called simultaneous bilinguals. Even in the case of simultaneous bilinguals one language usually dominates over the other.

In linguistics, first language acquisition is closely related to the concept of a "native speaker"

Multilingualism - PET scan studies on Bimodal Individuals
These studies also find that Bimodal individuals use different areas of the right hemisphere depending on whether if they are speaking using verbal language or gesticulating using sign-language

Innovation - Individual
Creativity has been studied using many different approaches.

Delegation (programming) - Dual inheritance
If the language supports both delegation and inheritance one can do dual inheritance by utilizing both mechanisms at the same time as in

Delegation (programming) - Dual inheritance
This calls for additional rules for method lookup, as there are now potentially two methods that can be denoted as the most specific (due to the two lookup paths). This is elaborated in K. Graversen's Ph.D. thesis on roles.

MOSFET - Dual-gate MOSFET
The dual-gate MOSFET has a tetrode configuration, where both gates control the current in the device

MOSFET - Dual-type (CMOS) MOSFET switch
This "complementary" or CMOS type of switch uses one P-MOS and one N-MOS FET to counteract the limitations of the single-type switch

The voltage limits for this switch are the gate–source, gate–drain and source–drain voltage limits for both FETs. Also, the P-MOS is typically two to three times wider than the N-MOS, so the switch will be balanced for speed in the two directions.

Tri-state circuitry sometimes incorporates a CMOS MOSFET switch on its output to provide for a low-ohmic, full-range output when on, and a high-ohmic, mid-level signal when off.

Differential psychology - Importance of individual differences
Such phenomena, often explained in terms of inverted-U response curves, place differential psychology at an important location in such endeavours as personalized medicine, in which diagnoses are customised for an individual's response profile.

Industrial and organizational psychology - Individual assessment and psychometrics
With candidates for employment, individual assessment is often part of the personnel selection process

Industrial and organizational psychology - Individual assessment and psychometrics
Psychometrics is the science of measuring psychological variables, such as knowledge, skills, and abilities. I–O psychologists are generally well-trained in psychometric psychology.

Digital video recorder - Introduction of dual tuners
Some dual-tuner DVRs also have the ability to output to two separate television sets at the same time

Where several digital subchannels are transmitted on a single RF channel, some PVRs can record two channels and view a third, so long as all three subchannels are on two channels (or one).

In the United States, DVRs were used by 32 percent of all TV households in 2009, and 38 percent by 2010, with viewership among 18- to 40-year-olds 40 percent higher in homes that have them.

Individualism Individualism is the moral stance, political philosophy, ideology, or social outlook that emphasizes the moral worth of the individual. Individualists promote the exercise of one's goals and desires and so value independence and self-reliance and advocate that interests of the individual should achieve precedence over the state or a social group, while opposing external interference upon one's own interests by society or institutions such as the government.

Individualism Individualism makes the individual its focus and so starts "with the fundamental premise that the human individual is of primary importance in the struggle for liberation." Liberalism, existentialism and anarchism are examples of movements that take the human individual as a central unit of analysis. Individualism thus involves "the right of the individual to freedom and self-realization".

Individualism It has also been used as a term denoting "The quality of being an individual; individuality" related to possessing "An individual characteristic; a quirk." Individualism is thus also associated with artistic and bohemian interests and lifestyles where there is a tendency towards self-creation and experimentation as opposed to tradition or popular mass opinions and behaviors as so also with humanist philosophical positions and ethics.

Individualism - Etymology
William Maccall, another Unitarian preacher, and probably an acquaintance of Smith, came somewhat later, although influenced by John Stuart Mill, Thomas Carlyle, and German Romanticism, to the same positive conclusions, in his 1847 work "Elements of Individualism".

Individualism - The individual
Individuality is the state or quality of being an individual; a person separate from other persons and possessing his or her own needs, goals, and desires.

Individualism - Individualism and society
Jean-Jacques Rousseau, however, claims that his concept of "general will" in the "social contract" is not the simple collection of individual wills and that it furthers the interests of the individual (the constraint of law itself would be beneficial for the individual, as the lack of respect for the law necessarily entails, in Rousseau's eyes, a form of ignorance and submission to one's passions instead of the preferred autonomy of reason).

Societies and groups can differ in the extent to which they are based upon predominantly "self-regarding" (individualistic, and arguably self-interested) rather than "other-regarding" (group-oriented, and group, or society-minded) behavior

Individualism is often contrasted either with totalitarianism or with collectivism, but in fact there is a spectrum of behaviors at the societal level ranging from highly individualistic societies through mixed societies to collectivist.

Individualism - Individuation theories
For Stiegler "the I, as a psychic individual, can only be thought in relationship to we, which is a collective individual

Individualism - Emotional Self-Interest
In some instances this may result in positive consequences like greater cooperation between individuals and societies

Individualism - Emotional Self-Interest
Based on his understanding of human nature, Al-Rodhan suggests introducing mechanisms that will check unregulated general self-interest. Good governance should include adequate checks on government powers and effective law enforcement, as well as the defense of human rights and their extension to include basic physiological and emotional needs.

Individualism - Methodological individualism
Methodological individualism is the view that social phenomena can only be understood by examining how they result from the motivations and actions of individual agents. In economics, people's behavior is explained in terms of rational choices, as constrained by prices and incomes. The economist accepts individuals' preferences as givens. Becker and Stigler provide a forceful statement of this view:

Individualism - Methodological individualism
On the traditional view, an explanation of economic phenomena that reaches a difference in tastes between people or times is the terminus of the argument: the problem is abandoned at this point to whoever studies and explains tastes (psychologists? anthropologists? phrenologists? sociobiologists?). On our preferred interpretation, one never reaches this impasse: the economist continues to search for differences in prices or incomes to explain any differences or changes in behavior.

Individualism - Political individualism
With the abolition of private property, then, we shall have true, beautiful, healthy Individualism. Nobody will waste his life in accumulating things, and the symbols for things. One will live. To live is the rarest thing in the world. Most people exist, that is all.

Individualists are chiefly concerned with protecting individual autonomy against obligations imposed by social institutions (such as the state or religious morality). For L. Susan Brown "Liberalism and anarchism are two political philosophies that are fundamentally concerned with individual freedom yet differ from one another in very distinct ways. Anarchism shares with liberalism a radical commitment to individual freedom while rejecting liberalism's competitive property relations."

For scholar Ellen Meiksins Wood "there are doctrines of individualism that are opposed to Lockean individualism(...)and non-lockean individualism may encompass socialism".

Individualism - Liberalism
It is often rejected by collectivist, Islamic, or confucian societies in Asia or the Middle East (though Taoists were and are known to be individualists)

Modern liberalism has its roots in the Age of Enlightenment and rejects many foundational assumptions that dominated most earlier theories of government, such as the Divine Right of Kings, hereditary status, and established religion. John Locke is often credited with the philosophical foundations of classical liberalism. He wrote "no one ought to harm another in his life, health, liberty, or possessions."

In the 17th century, liberal ideas began to influence governments in Europe, in nations such as The Netherlands, Switzerland, England and Poland, but they were strongly opposed, often by armed might, by those who favored absolute monarchy and established religion

Liberalism comes in many forms. According to John N. Gray, the essence of liberalism is toleration of different beliefs and of different ideas as to what constitutes a good life.

Individualism - Anarchism
Anarchism is generally defined as the political philosophy which holds the state to be undesirable, unnecessary, and harmful, or alternatively as opposing authority and hierarchical organization in the conduct of human relations. Proponents of anarchism, known as "anarchists", advocate stateless societies based on non-hierarchical voluntary associations.

Individualism - Anarchism
The Tsar of all the Russias belongs to the latter category of individualists

Individualism - Individualist anarchism
Godwin advocated individualism, proposing that all cooperation in labour be eliminated on the premise that this would be most conducive with the general good.

He is best known for his books Walden, a reflection upon simple living in natural surroundings, and his essay, Civil Disobedience, an argument for individual resistance to civil government in moral opposition to an unjust state

From these early influences individualist anarchism in different countries attracted a small but diverse following of bohemian artists and intellectuals, free love and birth control advocates (see Anarchism and issues related to love and sex), individualist naturists nudists (see anarcho-naturism), freethought and anti-clerical activists as well as young anarchist outlaws in what came to be known as illegalism and individual reclamation (see European individualist anarchism and individualist anarchism in France)

Individualism - Ethical egoism
Ethical egoism (also called simply egoism) is the normative ethical position that moral agents ought to do what is in their own self-interest. It differs from psychological egoism, which claims that people do only act in their self-interest. Ethical egoism also differs from rational egoism, which holds merely that it is rational to act in one's self-interest. These doctrines may, though, be combined with ethical egoism.

Ethical egoism contrasts with ethical altruism, which holds that moral agents have an obligation to help and serve others

Individualism allows for others' interest and well-being to be disregarded or not, as long as what is chosen is efficacious in satisfying the self-interest of the agent

Ethical egoism is sometimes the philosophical basis for support of libertarianism or individualist anarchism as in Max Stirner, although these can also be based on altruistic motivations. These are political positions based partly on a belief that individuals should not coercively prevent others from exercising freedom of action.

Individualism - Existentialism
The early 19th century philosopher Søren Kierkegaard, posthumously regarded as the father of existentialism, maintained that the individual solely has the responsibilities of giving one's own life meaning and living that life passionately and sincerely, in spite of many existential obstacles and distractions including despair, angst, absurdity, alienation, and boredom.

Individualism - Existentialism
Existentialism became fashionable in the post-World War years as a way to reassert the importance of human individuality and freedom.

Individualism - Freethought
Freethought holds that individuals should not accept ideas proposed as truth without recourse to knowledge and reason

Individualism - Humanism
Humanism is a perspective common to a wide range of ethical stances that attaches importance to human dignity, concerns, and capabilities, particularly rationality

Individualism - Hedonism
Philosophical hedonism is a meta-ethical theory of value which argues that pleasure is the only intrinsic good and pain is the only intrinsic bad

Individualism - Libertinism
A libertine is one devoid of most moral restraints, which are seen as unnecessary or undesirable, especially one who ignores or even spurns accepted morals and forms of behavior sanctioned by the larger society

Individualism - Objectivism
Rand thinks the only social system consistent with this morality is full respect for individual rights, embodied in pure laissez faire capitalism; and the role of art in human life is to transform man's widest metaphysical ideas, by selective reproduction of reality, into a physical form—a work of art—that he can comprehend and to which he can respond emotionally

Individualism - Philosophical anarchism
Philosophical anarchism is an anarchist school of thought which contends that the State lacks moral legitimacy and - in contrast to revolutionary anarchism - does not advocate violent revolution to eliminate it but advocate peaceful evolution to superate it

Individualism - Philosophical anarchism
Philosophical anarchism is a component especially of individualist anarchism. Philosophical anarchists of historical note include Mohandas Gandhi, William Godwin, Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, Max Stirner, Benjamin Tucker, and Henry David Thoreau. Contemporary philosophical anarchists include A. John Simmons and Robert Paul Wolff.

Individualism - Subjectivism
Subjectivism is a philosophical tenet that accords primacy to subjective experience as fundamental of all measure and law

Moral subjectivism is that species of moral relativism that relativizes moral value to the individual subject.

Horst Matthai Quelle was a Spanish language German anarchist philosopher influenced by Max Stirner. He argued that since the individual gives form to the world, he is those objects, the others and the whole universe. One of his main views was a "theory of infinite worlds" which for him was developed by pre-socratic philosophers.

Individualism - Solipsism
Although the number of individuals sincerely espousing solipsism has been small, it is not uncommon for one philosopher to accuse another's arguments of entailing solipsism as an unwanted consequence, in a kind of reductio ad absurdum

Individualism - Economic individualism
The doctrine of economic individualism holds that each individual should be allowed autonomy in making his or her own economic decisions as opposed to those decisions being made by the state, the community, the corporation etc. for him or her.

Individualism - Classical liberalism
Classical liberalism is a political ideology that developed in the 19th century in England, Western Europe, and the Americas

Individualism - Individualist anarchism and economics
In regards to economic questions within individualist anarchism there are adherents to mutualism (Pierre Joseph Proudhon, Emile Armand, early Benjamin Tucker); natural rights positions (early Benjamin Tucker, Lysander Spooner, Josiah Warren); and egoistic disrespect for "ghosts" such as private property and markets (Max Stirner, John Henry Mackay, Lev Chernyi, later Benjamin Tucker, Renzo Novatore, illegalism).

Individualism - Mutualism
Mutualism (economic theory)

Individualism - Mutualism
Mutualism is an anarchist school of thought which can be traced to the writings of Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, who envisioned a society where each person might possess a means of production, either individually or collectively, with trade representing equivalent amounts of labor in the free market

Individualism - Libertarian socialism
Libertarian socialism (sometimes called social anarchism, and sometimes left libertarianism) is a group of political philosophies that promote a non-hierarchical, non-bureaucratic, stateless society without private property in the means of production

Adherents of libertarian socialism assert that a society based on freedom and equality can be achieved through abolishing authoritarian institutions that control certain means of production and subordinate the majority to an owning class or political and economic elite. Libertarian socialism also constitutes a tendency of thought that promotes the identification, criticism and practical dismantling of illegitimate authority in all aspects of life.

Accordingly, libertarian socialists believe that "the exercise of power in any institutionalized form—whether economic, political, religious, or sexual—brutalizes both the wielder of power and the one over whom it is exercised". Libertarian socialists generally place their hopes in decentralized means of direct democracy such as libertarian municipalism, citizens' assemblies, trade unions and workers' councils.

Political philosophies commonly described as libertarian socialist include most varieties of anarchism (especially anarchist communism, anarchist collectivism, anarcho-syndicalism, mutualism) as well as autonomism, communalism, participism, some versions of "utopian socialism and individualist anarchism., and also libertarian Marxist philosophies such as council communism and Luxemburgism.

Individualism - Left-libertarianism
Left-libertarianism (sometimes synonymous with left-wing libertarianism and libertarian socialism) is a term that has been used to describe several different libertarian political movements and theorists.

Individualism - Left-libertarianism
The term is sometimes used synonymously with libertarian socialism or used in self-description by geoists who support individuals paying rent to the community for the use of land

Individualism - Right-libertarianism
Right-libertarianism or right libertarianism is a phrase used by some to describe either non-collectivist forms of libertarianism or a variety of different libertarian views some label "right" of mainstream libertarianism including "libertarian conservatism".

Individualism - Right-libertarianism
It opposes laws that restrict consensual and private sexual relationships between adults (e.g., gay sex, non-marital sex, and deviant sex), laws that restrict drug use, laws that impose religious views or practices on individuals, and compulsory military service

Individualism - Individualism as creative independent lifestyle
For what it seeks is to disturb monotony of type, slavery of custom, tyranny of habit, and the reduction of man to the level of a machine." For anarchist historian George Woodcock "Wilde's aim in The Soul of Man under Socialism is to seek the society most favorable to the artist...for Wilde art is the supreme end, containing within itself enlightenment and regeneration, to which all else in society must be subordinated...Wilde represents the anarchist as aesthete." The word individualism in this way has been used to denote a personality with a strong tendency towards self-creation and experimentation as opposed to tradition or popular mass opinions and behaviors

Anarchist writer Murray Bookchin describes a lot of individualist anarchism as people who "expressed their opposition in uniquely personal forms, especially in fiery tracts, outrageous behavior, and aberrant lifestyles in the cultural ghettos of fin de sicle New York, Paris, and London. As a credo, individualist anarchism remained largely a bohemian lifestyle, most conspicuous in its demands for sexual freedom ('free love') and enamored of innovations in art, behavior, and clothing."

In this way he manifests "So the anarchist individualist tends to reproduce himself, to perpetuate his spirit in other individuals who will share his views and who will make it possible for a state of affairs to be established from which authoritarianism has been banished

In the book Imperfect garden : the legacy of humanism, humanist philosopher Tzvetan Todorov identifies individualism as an important current of socio-political thought within modernity and as examples of it he mentions Michel de Montaigne, François de La Rochefoucauld, Marquis de Sade, and Charles Baudelaire In La Rochefoucauld, he identifies a tendency similar to stoicism in which "the honest person works his being in the manner of an sculptor who searches the liberation of the forms which are inside a block of marble, to extract the truth of that matter." In Baudelaire he finds the dandy trait in which one searches to cultivate "the idea of beauty within oneself, of satisfying one´s passions of feeling and thinking."

Equally memorable and influential on Walt Whitman is Emerson's idea that "a foolish consistency is the hobgoblin of small minds, adored by little statesmen and philosophers and divines."...Emerson opposes on principle the reliance on social structures (civil, religious) precisely because through them the individual approaches the divine second hand, mediated by the once original experience of a genius from another age: "An institution," as he explains, "is the lengthened shadow of one man." To achieve this original relation one must "Insist on one's self; never imitate" for if the relationship is secondary the connection is lost."

Individualism - Further reading
Albrecht, James M. (2012) Reconstructing Individualism : A Pragmatic Tradition from Emerson to Ellison. Fordham University Press.

Brown, L. Susan (1993). The Politics of Individualism: Liberalism, Liberal Feminism, and Anarchism. BLACK ROSE BOOKS LID.

Dewey, John. (1930). Individualism Old and New.

Gagnier, Regenia. (2010). Individualism, Decadence and Globalization: On the Relationship of Part to Whole, Palgrave Macmillan.

Dumont, Louis (1986). Essays on Individualism: Modern Ideology in Anthropological Perspective. Chicago: University Of Chicago Press. ISBN

Lukes, Steven (1973). Individualism. New York: Harper & Row. ISBN

Meiksins Wood, Ellen. (1972). Mind and Politics: An Approach to the Meaning of Liberal and Socialist Individualism. University of California Press. ISBN

Renaut, Alain (1999). The Era of the Individual. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN

Shanahan, Daniel. (1991) Toward a Genealogy of Individualism. Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press. ISBN

Watt, Ian. (1996) Myths of Modern Individualism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN

Barzilai, Gad. (2003). Communities and Law. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. ISBN

Fruehwald, Edwin, A Biological Basis of Rights, 19 Southern California Interdisciplinary Law Journal 195 (2010).

DVD - Dual-layer recording
Dual-layer recording (sometimes also known as double-layer recording) allows DVD-R and DVD+R discs to store significantly more data—up to 8.5 gigabytes per disc, compared with 4.7 gigabytes for single-layer discs

This caused some viewers to worry that their dual-layer discs were damaged or defective, with the end result that studios began listing a standard message explaining the dual-layer pausing effect on all dual-layer disc packaging.

DVD recordable discs supporting this technology are backward-compatible with some existing DVD players and DVD-ROM drives. Many current DVD recorders support dual-layer technology, and the price is now comparable to that of single-layer drives, although the blank media remain more expensive. The recording speeds reached by dual-layer media are still well below those of single-layer media.

There are two modes for dual-layer orientation. With Parallel Track Path (PTP), used on DVD-ROM, both layers start at the inside diameter (ID) and end at the outside diameter (OD) with the lead-out. With Opposite Track Path (OTP), used on many DVDs, the lower layer starts at the ID and the upper layer starts at the OD, where the other layer ends; they share one lead-in and one lead-out.

Photon - Wave–particle duality and uncertainty principles
Their dual wave–particle nature can be difficult to visualize

A key element of quantum mechanics is Heisenberg's uncertainty principle, which forbids the simultaneous measurement of the position and momentum of a particle along the same direction

where is the aperture angle of the microscope

giving the product , which is Heisenberg's uncertainty principle. Thus, the entire world is quantized; both matter and fields must obey a consistent set of quantum laws, if either one is to be quantized.

The analogous uncertainty principle for photons forbids the simultaneous measurement of the number of photons (see Fock state and the Second quantization section below) in an electromagnetic wave and the phase of that wave

See coherent state and squeezed coherent state for more details.

Both photons and material particles such as electrons create analogous interference patterns when passing through a double-slit experiment

Educational psychology - Individual differences and disabilities
These manifest as individual differences in intelligence, creativity, cognitive style, motivation and the capacity to process information, communicate, and relate to others

Educational psychology - Individual differences and disabilities
In addition to basic abilities, the individual's personality traits are also important, with people higher in conscientiousness and hope attaining superior academic achievements, even after controlling for intelligence and past performance.

Split tunneling - IPv6 dual-stack networking
Internal IPv6 content can be hosted and presented to sites via a unique local address range at the VPN level, while external IPv4 & IPv6 content can be accessed via site routers.

Libertarianism - Individualist anarchism
During the 19th century a tradition of individualist anarchism developed that continued into and influenced 20th century libertarianism and these included Benjamin Tucker, Lysander Spooner, Ezra Heywood, William B. Greene, J.K. Ingalls, and Stephen Pearl Andrews. They were influenced by individualist German philosophers like Johann Gottlieb Fichte, Max Stirner, and Friedrich Nietzsche. They also were influenced by Britain's Herbert Spencer and France's Pierre-Joseph Proudhon.

Warren even rejected community of property which he considered "doomed to failure because of the individuality of the persons involved in such an experiment."

For American anarchist historian Eunice Minette Schuster, American individualist anarchism "stresses the isolation of the individual – his right to his own tools, his mind, his body, and to the products of his labor. To the artist who embraces this philosophy it is 'aesthetic' anarchism, to the reformer, ethical anarchism, to the independent mechanic, economic anarchism."

Thoreau was an American author, poet, naturalist, tax resister, surveyor, philosopher, and leading transcendentalist best known for his book Walden and his essay Civil Disobedience, an argument for individual resistance and moral opposition to an unjust state

Tucker's periodical Liberty (1881–1908), which Wendy McElroy calls a “textbook of libertarian culture of the late nineteenth century.” It debated issues among the various strains of individualist anarchism in the Americas and Europe

An important concern for American individualist anarchism was free love. Free love particularly stressed women's rights since most sexual laws discriminated against women: for example, marriage laws and anti-birth control measures. It produced a number of important publications like Lucifer the Lightbearer (1883–1907), The Word (1872–1890, 1892–1893) and Free Society.

"Freethought" was an anti-Christian, anti-clerical movement whose purpose was to make the individual politically and spiritually free to decide on religious matters. The church was seen as a repressive ally of the state. A number of contributors to Liberty were prominent figures in both freethought and individualist anarchism. Freethought was important in European individualist anarchism and it emphasized criticism of religious dogmas and of the church.

Charles-Auguste Bontemps and others were active in French individualist anarchism. Their theoretical positions and practices were iconoclastic and scandalous, even within libertarian circles, including nudist anarcho-naturism, defense of birth control and the idea of 'unions of egoists' solely for sexual purposes. Spanish individualist anarchists were influenced by American and French theorists, and practiced by individuals like Dorado Montero, Ricardo Mella, Federico Urales and J. Elizalde.

High Speed Packet Access - Dual-carrier HSDPA (DC-HSDPA)
High-Speed Downlink Packet Access#Dual-Cell

High Speed Packet Access - Dual-carrier HSDPA (DC-HSDPA)
Dual-cell can particularly improve the QoS (Quality of Service) for end users in poor radio reception where they cannot benefit from the other WCDMA capacity improvements (MIMO and higher order modulations) due to poor radio signal quality

High Speed Packet Access - Dual-carrier HSUPA (DC-HSUPA)
Similar enhancements as introduced with DC-HSDPA in the downlink for UMTS Release 8 are being standardized for UMTS Release 9 in the uplink, called Dual-Cell HSUPA. applied to HSUPA UL physical channels and DPCCH. The standardisation of Release 9 was completed in December 2009.

Evolutionary psychology - Survival and individual level psychological adaptations
Problems of survival are thus clear targets for the evolution of physical and psychological adaptations. Major problems the ancestors of present day humans faced included food selection and acquisition; territory selection and physical shelter; and avoiding predators and other environmental threats.

Entrepreneurship - The individuals-opportunities nexus
According to Shane and Venkataraman, entrepreneurship comprises of two phenomena "enterprising individuals" and "entrepreneurial opportunities", and researchers should study the nature of the individuals who respond to these opportunities when others do not, the opportunities themselves and the nexus between individuals and opportunities.

Mind uploading - Scanning and mapping scale of an individual
When modelling and simulating the brain of a specific individual, a brain map or connectivity database showing the connections between the neurons must be extracted from an anatomic model of the brain. For whole brain simulation, this network map should show the connectivity of the whole nervous system, including the spinal cord, sensory receptors, and muscle cells. Destructive scanning of a small sample of tissue from a mouse brain including synaptic details is possible as of 2010.

However, if short-term memory and working memory include prolonged or repeated firing of neurons, as well as intra-neural dynamic processes, the electrical and chemical signal state of the synapses and neurons may be hard to extract. The uploaded mind may then perceive a memory loss of the events and mental processes immediately before the time of brain scanning.

A full brain map has been estimated to occupy less than 2 x 1016 bytes (20,000 TB) and would store the addresses of the connected neurons, the synapse type and the synapse "weight" for each of the brains' 1015 synapses.[not in citation given] However, the biological complexities of true brain function (e.g

Community psychology - Individual wellness
Individual wellness is the physical and psychological wellbeing of all people. Research in community psychology focuses on methods to increase individual wellness, particularly through prevention and second-order change.

Purple - Vanity, extravagance, individualism
In Europe and America, purple is the color most associated with vanity, extravagance, and individualism. Among the seven major sins, it represents vanity. It is a color which is designed to attract attention.

ISO 639 - Characteristics of individual codes
Collections of languages (part 1, 2, 5) (part 1 contains only 1 collection: bh; most collections are in part 2, and a few were added in part 5)

Special situations (part 2, 3)

Types (for individual languages):

Living languages (part 2, 3) (all macrolanguages are living languages)

Extinct languages (part 2, 3) (437, four in part 2 chb, chg, cop, sam; none in part 1)

Ancient languages (part 1, 2, 3) (112, 19 are in part 2; and 5 of them, namely ave, chu, lat, pli and san, also have a code in part 1: ae, cu, la, pi, sa)

Historic languages (part 2, 3) (63, 16 of them are in part 2, none has part 1 code)

Constructed languages (part 2, 3) (19, 9 in part 2: epo, ina, ile, ido, vol, afh, jbo, tlh, zbl; five in part 1: eo, ia, ie, io, vo)

ISO/IEC 7812 - Individual account identification
The account number consists of digits seven to second last, a maximum of 12 digits. The account number is allocated by the card issuer.

Accountability - Individual accountability in organizations
Another solution, recently proposed by Thompson, is to hold individuals accountable for the design of the organization, both retrospectively and prospectively.

Niccolò Machiavelli - The positive side to factional and individual vice
Despite the classical precedents, which Machiavelli was not the only one to promote in his time, Machiavelli's realism and willingness to argue that good ends justify bad things, is seen as a critical stimulus towards some of the most important theories of modern politics.

Firstly, particularly in the Discourses on Livy, Machiavelli is unusual in the positive side he sometimes seems to describe in factionalism in republics

Similarly, the modern economic argument for capitalism, and most modern forms of economics, was often stated in the form of "public virtue from private vices." Also in this case, even though there are classical precedents, Machiavelli's insistence on being both realistic and ambitious, not only admitting that vice exists but being willing to risk encouraging it, is a critical step on the path to this insight.

Mansfield however argues that Machiavelli's own aims have not been shared by those influenced by him. Machiavelli argued against seeing mere peace and economic growth as worthy aims on their own, if they would lead to what Mansfield calls the "taming of the prince."

Homo erectus - Individual fossils
Some of the major Homo erectus fossils:

Indonesia (island of Java): Trinil 2 (holotype), Sangiran collection, Sambungmachan collection, Ngandong collection

China ("Peking Man"): Lantian (Gongwangling and Chenjiawo), Yunxian, Zhoukoudian, Nanjing, Hexian

Vietnam: Northern, Tham Khuyen, Hoa Binh

Republic of Georgia: Dmanisi collection ("Homo erectus georgicus")

Eritrea: Buia cranium (possibly H. ergaster)

Denizli Province, Turkey: Kocabas fossil

Cultural psychology - Individual
Japanese individuals are therefore more likely to describe themselves in relation to others, such as “I try not to upset anyone,” or “I am a father, a son, and a brother.”

Dual-use technology In politics and diplomacy, dual-use is technology that can be used for both peaceful and military aims.

Dual-use technology More generally speaking, dual-use can also refer to any technology which can satisfy more than one goal at any given time. Thus, expensive technologies which would otherwise only serve military purposes can also be used to benefit civilian commercial interests when not otherwise engaged such as the Global Positioning System.

Dual-use technology - Missile
Originally developed as weapons during the Cold War, the United States and the Soviet Union spent billions of dollars developing rocket technology which could carry humans into space (and even eventually to the moon). The development of this peaceful rocket technology paralleled the development of intercontinental ballistic missile technology and was a way of demonstrating to the other side the potential of ones own rockets.

Those who seek to develop ballistic missiles may claim that their rockets are for peaceful purposes, e.g. are for commercial satellite launching or scientific purposes. However even genuinely peaceful rockets may be converted into weapons, and provide the technological base to do so.

Within peaceful rocket programs different peaceful applications can be seen as having parallel military ones for example the demonstration of the ability to launch multiple satellites with a single launch vehicle can be seen in a military context as having the potential to deploy multiple independently targetable reentry vehicles

Dual-use technology - Nuclear
Many types of nuclear reactors produce fissile material, such as plutonium, as a by-product, which could be used in the development of a nuclear weapon

The International Atomic Energy Agency attempts to monitor dual-use technology in countries who are signatories of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, to make sure that fissile material is not diverted to military functions. In recent events, both Iran and North Korea have been accused of having nuclear weapons programs based on dual-use technology.

Even with reactors incapable of producing fissile material it is still a possiblity that materials from such reactors, and materials used for example in the manufacture of x-ray machines (or reclaimed from such machines) could be diverted to create radiological weapons.

Dual-use technology - Chemical
List of Schedule 3 substances (CWC)

Dual-use technology - Chemical
The modern history of chemical weapons can be traced back to the chemical industries of the belligerent nations of the First World War, especially that of Germany. Many industrial chemical processes produce toxic intermediary stages, final products and by products, and any nation with a chemical industry has the potential to create weaponised chemical agents.

Dual-use technology - Biological
Lax biosecurity at laboratories is worrying researchers and regulators that potential select agents may have fallen into the hands of malevolent parties

Reports from the project on building a sustainable culture in dual use bioethics suggest that, as a result of perceived changes in both science and security over the past decade, several states and multilateral bodies have underlined the importance of making life scientists aware of concerns over dual-use and the legal obligations underpinning the prevention of biological weapons

Unfortunately however, there is an emerging understanding in both the policy and academic literature that life scientists across the globe are frequently uninformed or under-informed on issues such as biosecurity, dual-use, the BTWC and national legislation outlawing biological weapons

Dual-use technology - Other technologies
In addition to obvious and headline grabbing dual-use technologies there are some less obvious ones, many erstwhile peaceful technologies can be used in weapons. One example during the First and Second World War, is the role of German toy manufacturers. Germany was one of the leading nations in the production of wind-up toys, the ability to produce large numbers of small reliable clockwork motors was converted into the ability to produce shell and bomb fuses.

Dual-use technology - Control
The principal agency for investigating violations of dual use export controls in the United States is the Department of Homeland Security, Homeland Security Investigations

Dual-use technology - Control
There are several international arrangements among countries which seek to harmonize lists of dual-use (and military) technologies to control. These include the Nuclear Suppliers Group, the Australia Group, which looks at chemical and biological technologies, the Missile Technology Control Regime, which covers delivery systems for weapons of mass destruction, and the Wassenaar Arrangement, which covers conventional arms and dual-use technologies.

Bluetooth Special Interest Group - Individuals
Membership is not currently open to individuals.

Chinese character - Bronze Age: parallel script forms and gradual evolution
Gradual evolution and the coexistence of two or more scripts was more often the case

Chinese character - Bronze Age: parallel script forms and gradual evolution
Based on studies of these bronze inscriptions, it is clear that, from the Shang Dynasty writing to that of the Western Zhou and early Eastern Zhou, the mainstream script evolved in a slow, unbroken fashion, until assuming the form that is now known as seal script in the late Eastern Zhou in the state of Qin, without any clear line of division

Electron - Confinement of individual electrons
Individual electrons can now be easily confined in ultra small (L=20 nm, W=20 nm) CMOS transistors operated at cryogenic temperature over a range of −269 °C (4 K) to about −258 °C (15 K). The electron wavefunction spreads in a semiconductor lattice and negligibly interacts with the valence band electrons, so it can be treated in the single particle formalism, by replacing its mass with the effective mass tensor.

Information Technology Infrastructure Library - Individuals
The certification scheme differs between ITIL v2 and ITIL 2007/2011, and bridge examinations (now retired) allowed owners of v2 certificates to transfer to the new program

The ITIL certification scheme now offers a modular approach

The complementary certifications also have point values, ranging from 0.5 to 1.5 credits, which can be applied towards ITIL Expert certification. However, only a maximum of six credits from complementary certifications can be applied towards the Expert certification.

The ITIL Certification Management Board (ICMB) manages ITIL certification. The Board includes representatives from interested parties within the community around the world. Members of the Board include (though are not limited to) representatives from the UK Office of Government Commerce (OGC), APM Group (APMG), The Stationery Office (TSO), ITIL Examination Panel, Examination Institutes (EIs) and the IT Service Management Forum International (itSMF) as the recognised user group.

Since the early 1990s, EXIN and ISEB had been setting up the ITIL based certification program, developing and providing ITIL exams at three different levels: Foundation, Practitioner and Manager

On July 20, 2006, the OGC signed a contract with the APM Group to become its commercial partner for ITIL accreditation from January 1, APMG manage the ITIL Version 3 exams.

APMG maintains a voluntary register of ITIL certified practitioners at their Successful Candidate Register.

Test-driven development - Individual best practices
Separate common set up and teardown logic into test support services utilized by the appropriate test cases.

Keep each test oracle focused on only the results necessary to validate its test.

Design time-related tests to allow tolerance for execution in non-real time Operating Systems. The common practice of allowing a 5-10 percent margin for late execution reduces the potential number of false negatives in test execution.

Treat your test code with the same respect as your production code. It also must work correctly for both positive and negative cases, last a long time, and be readable and maintainable.

Get together with your team and review your tests and test practices to share effective techniques and catch bad habits. It may be helpful to review this section during your discussion.

Dual Vee Model The Dual Vee Model builds on the V-Model to cleanly depict the complexity associated with designing and developing systems. In systems engineering it defines a uniform procedure for product or project development. The model depicts concurrent development of a system’s architecture as one Vee with each entity of that architecture as another Vee that intersects the architecture Vee. This clearly shows interactions and sequences in developing a complex system and a system of systems.

Dual Vee Model - Waterfall Model
The Waterfall Model breaks up the development process into development phases

Dual Vee Model - Vee Model
The Vee Model organizes development phases into levels of complexity with the most complex item on top and least complex item on bottom (a.k.a

Dual Vee Model - Vee Model
The Vee Model can be expanded in several ways to meet system requirements. It can include the seven INCOSE layers of system complexity (i.e. system, element, subsystem, assembly, subassembly, component, and part). It can include decomposition, definition, integration, and verification. It may also include user/stakeholder participation, opportunity and risk management, and problem resolution.Waterfall module is also include in triple V module.

Dual Vee Model The Dual Vee Model builds on the Vee Model to manage a system of systems. An architecture Vee manages the system and entity Vees branch off the architecture Vee to manage sub-systems.

Dual Vee Model For example, GPS includes a constellation of satellites, a ground control network, and millions of users worldwide

Dual Vee Model - The Architecture Vee
When developing complicated systems, a system engineer must manage a system baseline configuration from start to finish. The baseline can include design documents, user manuals, the product itself, and should answer every What?, Why?, and Who? for a system’s architecture. At each development phase, there will be changes to the system, which will change the baseline.

The core of the Vee is the evolving architecture baseline from initial requirements to a delivered system. The Architecture Vee produces the what, why, and who (which entity level) is responsible for a system’s architecture.

Downward off-Vee core investigations (figure - below) facilitate gaining knowledge to justify architecture baseline decisions made on the Vee core

The left leg off-Vee core investigations center around what concept is best and what architecture is best for that concept

Right leg off-Vee core downward investigations (figure - below) are directed at investigating integration anomalies to determine their root cause and to correct them. Upward communication with stakeholders determines if they can live with the as-integrated and as-verified performance.

At each decomposition level there is a direct correlation between activities on the left and right sides of the Vee. This is deliberate. For example, the method of integration, verification, and validation to be used on the right must be determined on the left as concepts are defined at each decomposition level. This minimizes the chances that concepts are conceived in a way that cannot be carried out.

Dual Vee Model - The Entity Vee Model
The Entity Vee illustrates the entity development and realization process which describes how each entity will be obtained (development, purchase, reuse, etc.)

At each elaboration, there is a direct correlation between activities on the left and right legs of the Entity Vee

The vertical dimension of the Entity Vee is baseline elaboration at the selected architecture level and the core of the Entity Vee represents entity baseline elaboration progression

Note that in the entity Vee these interactions address individual entity solutions and not the integration of the architecture which is conducted on the Architecture Vee

Dual Vee Model - Dual Vees: Intersecting Architecture and Entity Vees
To evolve user needs into a system that satisfies those needs requires a best value solution for every entity of the architecture

Dual Vee Model - Phasing of decision gates
Architecture entities are developed and integrated into the system architecture in a phased sequence consistent with systems engineering best practices. The figure below provides a three dimensional view of Design-to and Build-to Decision Gate phasing

Design-to and Build-to Decision Gate Sequence. Source - Kevin Forsberg and Hal Mooz 2006.

For simplicity of illustration, only one Entity Vee is shown intersecting the Architecture Vee at each decomposition level. Note that the design-to sequence is top down, starting at the system level and proceeding consistent with decomposition to the lowest configuration item level (LCI). This sequence ensures that there is proper top down requirements flowdown and traceability.

When build-to and code-to artifacts, including draft verification procedures, are ready for baselining, the build-to decision gate sequence is conducted bottom up to prove the feasibility of building or coding the designs

System bus - Dual independent bus
As CPU design evolved into using faster local buses and slower peripheral buses, Intel adopted the dual independent bus (DIB) terminology, using the external front-side bus to the main system memory, and the internal back-side bus between one or more CPUs and the CPU caches. This was introduced in the Pentium Pro and Pentium II products in the mid to late 1990s.

System bus - Dual independent bus
The primary bus for communicating data between the CPU and main memory and input and output devices is called the front-side bus, and the back-side bus accesses the level 2 cache

Modeling and simulation - Individual Concepts
Although the terms “modeling” and “simulation” are often used as synonyms within disciplines applying M&S exclusively as a tool, within the discipline of M&S both are treated as individual and equally important concepts

Modeling and simulation - Individual Concepts
Conceptualization and implementation – modeling and simulation – are two activities that are mutually dependent, but can nonetheless be conducted by separate individuals

Security clearance - Dual citizenship
national interest to grant a request for a security clearance to an applicant who was a dual national of the U.S

Security clearance - Individuals who have had security clearances revoked
In the post World War II era there have been several highly publicized, and often controversial, cases of officials or scientists having their security clearances revoked, including:

Security alarm - Radio alarm dual signalling
Dual signalling is a method of alarm transmission that uses a mobile phone network and a telephone and/or IP path to transmit intruder, fire and personal attack signals at high speed from the protected premises to an Alarm Receiving Centre (ARC)

Prior to the availability of dual signalling systems, police and keyholders were often called out to the premises because of an alarm signal on the telephone path only to discover that it was a network fault and not a genuine alarm

Dual paths allow distinction between hardware failures and a genuine attack on the alarm. This helps eliminate false alarms and unnecessary responses. Dual signalling has helped considerably with the restoration of Police response as in an instance where a phone line is cut as the dual signalling device can continue to send alarm calls via one of its alternative paths either confirming or denying the alarm from the initial path.

In the UK, CSL DualCom Ltd pioneered dual signalling in In doing so, the company offered the first credible alternative to existing alarm signalling while setting the current standard for professional dual path security monitoring. Dual signalling is now firmly regarded as the standard format for alarm signalling and is duly specified by all of the leading insurance companies.

BMW M3 - M3 Evolution Imola Individual (M3 GT2)
The M3 Evolution Imola Individual was a limited-edition (200 units for Europe with part VIN WBACB5103-AN307--, 50 for the United Kingdom) car sometimes referred to as the M3 GT2

Prior to the release of the Imola Individual there was a pre-production model made which was used as the basis of the special edition, it featured the Class II front and rear spoilers, special order Imola red Paint, special order Nappa + Anthracite Amaretta interior, SMG gearbox, GSM Phone Kit, headlamp washers and double-spoke polished alloy wheels.

This car is believed to be the car BMW used for the Imola individual advertising, though not officially confirmed. The car was professionally converted to a 6-speed manual in June 2010 when the SMG Gearbox failed.

M-theory - Other dualities
There are other dualities between the other string theories. The heterotic SO(32) and the heterotic E8×E8 theories are also related by T-duality; the heterotic SO(32) description of a circle of radius R is exactly the same as the heterotic E8×E8 description of a circle of radius ℓP/R. This implies that there are really only three superstring theories, which might be called (for discussion) the Type I theory, the Type II theory, and the heterotic theory.

M-theory - Other dualities
The Type I string theory is related to the heterotic SO(32) theory by S-duality; this means that the Type I description of weakly interacting particles can also be seen as the heterotic SO(32) description of very strongly interacting particles

M-theory - Mysterious duality
The main observation is that the large diffeomorphisms of del Pezzo surfaces match the Weyl group of the U-duality group of the corresponding compactification of M-theory

M-theory - Mysterious duality
The complex projective plane P2(C) is related to M-theory in 11 dimensions. When k points are blown-up, the del Pezzo surface describes M-theory on a k-torus, and the exceptional del Pezzo surface, namely P1(C) × P1(C), is connected with type IIB string theory in 10 dimensions.

Personal genomics - Cost of sequencing an individual's genome
The cost of sequencing a human genome is dropping rapidly, due to the continual development of new, faster, cheaper DNA sequencing technologies such as "next generation DNA sequencing".

The National Human Genome Research Institute, part of the U.S. National Institutes of Health, has set a target to be able to sequence a human-sized genome for US$100,000 by 2009 and US$1,000 by 2014.

There are 6 billion base pairs in the diploid human genome

In 2009, Complete Genomics of Mountain View announced that it would provide full genome sequencing for $5,000, from June This will only be available to institutions, not individuals. Prices are expected to drop further over the next few years through economies of scale and increased competition.

Halibut - Individual fishing quotas
In 1995, US regulators allocated individual fishing quotas (IFQs) to existing fishery participants based on each vessel's documented historical catch

Halibut - Individual fishing quotas
A significant sport fishery in Alaska and British Columbia has emerged, where halibut are prized game and food fish

Dualism (philosophy of mind)
In philosophy of mind, 'dualism' is the position that mind|mental phenomena are, in some respects, non-physical entity|non-physical,Hart, W.D. (1996) Dualism, in A Companion to the Philosophy of Mind, ed. Samuel Guttenplan, Oxford: Blackwell, pp or that the mind and Human body|body are not identical. Thus, it encompasses a set of views about the relationship between mind and matter, and is contrasted with other positions, such as physicalism, in the mind–body problem.

Aristotle shared Plato's view of multiple Soul (spirit)|souls, (ψυχή psychē) and further elaborated a hierarchical arrangement, corresponding to the distinctive functions of plants, animals and people: a nutritive soul of growth and metabolism, that all three share, a perceptive soul of pain, pleasure and desire, that only people and other animals share, and the faculty of reason, that is unique to people only

#Substance dualism|Substance dualism is contrasted with all forms of materialism, but property dualism may be considered a form of emergent materialism or non-reductive physicalism in some sense.

Dualism (philosophy of mind) - Types of mind–body dualism
Ontology|Ontological dualism makes dual commitments about the nature of existence as it relates to mind and matter, and can be divided into three different types:

# Substance dualism asserts that mind and matter are fundamentally distinct kinds of substances.

# Property dualism suggests that the ontological distinction lies in the differences between properties of mind and matter (as in emergentism).

# Predicate dualism claims the irreducibility of mental predicates to physical predicates.

Dualism (philosophy of mind) - Cartesian dualism
Substance dualism is a philosophical position compatible with most theology|theologies which claim that immortal souls occupy an independent realm of existence distinct from that of the physical world.

Dualism (philosophy of mind) - Cartesian dualism
This is a case of substance dualism with respect to computer simulation

Dualism (philosophy of mind) - Property dualism
There are different versions of property dualism, some of which claim independent categorisation.Searle, John (1983) Why I Am Not a Property Dualist,

Dualism (philosophy of mind) - Property dualism
He has acknowledged that to many people his views and those of property dualists look a lot alike

Dualism (philosophy of mind) -
(2003) Dualism, in The Blackwell Guide to Philosophy of Mind, ed

Dualism (philosophy of mind) - Predicate dualism
Predicate dualists believe that so-called folk psychology, with all of its propositional attitude ascriptions, is an ineliminable part of the enterprise of describing, explaining and understanding human mental states and behavior.

Dualism (philosophy of mind) - Predicate dualism
Davidson, for example, subscribes to Anomalous Monism, according to which there can be no strict psycho-physical laws which connect mental and physical events under their descriptions as mental and physical events

Dualism (philosophy of mind) - Dualist views of mental causation
This part is about causation between properties and states of the thing under study, not its substances or predicates. Here a state is the set of all properties of what's being studied. Thus each state describes only one time.

Dualism (philosophy of mind) - Interactionism
Interactionism is the view that mental states, such as beliefs and desires, causally interact with physical states

Dualism (philosophy of mind) - Non-reductive physicalism
Physicalism#Non-reductive physicalism|Non-reductive physicalism is the idea that while mental states are physical they are not reducible to physical properties, in that an ontological distinction lies in the differences between the properties of mind and matter

Dualism (philosophy of mind) - Epiphenomenalism
According to epiphenomenalism, all mental events are caused by a physical event and have no physical consequences, and that one or more mental states do not have any influence on physical states

Dualism (philosophy of mind) - Epiphenomenalism
The idea that even if the animal were conscious nothing would be added to the production of behavior, even in animals of the human type, was first voiced by Julien Offray de La Mettrie|La Mettrie (1745), and then by Pierre Jean George Cabanis|Cabanis (1802), and was further explicated by Hodgson (1870) and T.H

Dualism (philosophy of mind) - Parallelism
Malebranche decided that such a material basis of interaction between material and immaterial was impossible and therefore formulated his doctrine of occasionalism, stating that the interactions were really caused by the intervention of God on each individual occasion

Dualism (philosophy of mind) - Occasionalism
Occasionalism is a philosophical doctrine about causation which says that created substances cannot be efficient causes of events

Dualism (philosophy of mind) - Plato and Aristotle
In the dialogue Phaedo, Plato formulated his famous Theory of forms|Theory of Forms as distinct and immaterial substances of which the objects and other phenomena that we perceive in the world are nothing more than mere shadows.

Plato makes it clear, in the Phaedo, that the Forms are the universalia ante res, i.e

Aristotle argued at length against many aspects of Plato's forms, creating his own doctrine of hylomorphism wherein form and matter coexist

Part of Aristotle's psychology, the study of the soul, is his account of the ability of humans to reason and the ability of animals to perceive

Dualism (philosophy of mind) - From Neoplatonism to Scholasticism
In the early Middle Ages, there was a resurgence of what is now called Neoplatonism, which is generally based on Plato's philosophy. Neoplatonism exerted a considerable influence on Christianity, as did the philosophy of Aristotle via scholasticism.Whittaker (1901) The Neo-Platonists, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

The intellectual soul by itself is not a human person (i.e., an individual supposit of a rational nature).Summa theologiae, I

The Catholic doctrine of the resurrection of the body states that at the second coming, the souls of the departed will be reunited with their bodies as a whole person (substance) and witness to the apocalypse

Dualism (philosophy of mind) - Descartes and his disciples
In his Meditations on First Philosophy, René Descartes|Descartes embarked upon a quest in which he called all his previous beliefs into doubt, in order to find out of what he could be certain

But this leads to a substantial problem for Cartesian dualism: How can an immaterial mind cause anything in a material body, and vice-versa? This has often been called the problem of interactionism.

The term Cartesian dualism is also often associated with this more specific notion of causal interaction through the pineal gland

Dualism (philosophy of mind) - The subjective argument
An important fact is that minds perceive intramental states differently than sensory phenomena, and this cognitive difference results in mental and physical phenomena having seemingly disparate properties. The subjective argument holds that these properties are irreconcilable under a physical mind.

Mental events have a certain subjective quality to them, whereas physical seem not to

Thomas Nagel first characterized the problem of qualia for physicalistic monism in his article, What is it like to be a bat?

Frank Cameron Jackson|Frank Jackson formulated his well-known knowledge argument based upon similar considerations

However, Frank Cameron Jackson|Jackson later rejected his argument and embraced physicalism

Dualism (philosophy of mind) - Special sciences argument
Robinson argues that, if predicate dualism is correct, then there are special sciences that are irreducible to physics. These allegedly irreducible subjects, which contain irreducible predicates, differ from hard sciences in that they are interest-relative. Here, interest-relative fields depend on the existence of minds that can have interested perspectives. Psychology is one such science; it completely depends on and presupposes the existence of the mind.

If one is to avoid ontological dualism, then the mind that has a perspective must be part of the physical reality to which it applies its perspective

However, cognitive science and psychology do not require the mind to be irreducible, and operate on the assumption that it has physical basis

Dualism (philosophy of mind) - The zombie argument
The p-zombie|zombie argument is based on a thought experiment proposed by David Chalmers. The basic idea is that one can imagine, and, therefore, conceive the existence of, an apparently functioning human being/body without any conscious states being associated with it.

Chalmers' argument is that it seems plausible that such a being could exist because all that is needed is that all and only the things that the physical sciences describe and observe about a human being must be true of the zombie

Others such as Dennett have Philosophical zombie#Criticism|argued that the notion of a philosophical zombie is an incoherent, or unlikely, concept

Dualism (philosophy of mind) - Argument from personal identity
This argument concerns the differences between the applicability of counterfactual conditionals to physical objects, on the one hand, and to conscious, personal agents on the other.Madell, G. (1981) The Identity of the Self, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. In the case of any material object, e.g. a printer, we can formulate a series of counterfactuals in the following manner:

# This printer could have been made of straw.

# This printer could have been made of some other kind of plastics and vacuum-tube transistors.

# This printer could have been made of 95% of what it is actually made of and 5% vacuum-tube transistors, etc..

Somewhere along the way from the printer's being made up exactly of the parts and materials which actually constitute it to the printer's being made up of some different matter at, say, 20%, the question of whether this printer is the same printer becomes a matter of arbitrary convention.

Imagine the case of a person, Frederick, who has a counterpart born from the same egg and a slightly genetically modified sperm. Imagine a series of counterfactual cases corresponding to the examples applied to the printer. Somewhere along the way, one is no longer sure about the identity of Frederick. In this latter case, it has been claimed, overlap of constitution cannot be applied to the identity of mind. As Madell puts it:

:But while my present body can thus have its partial counterpart in some possible world, my present consciousness cannot. Any present state of consciousness that I can imagine either is or is not mine. There is no question of degree here.

If the counterpart of Frederick, Frederickus, is 70% constituted of the same physical substance as Frederick, does this mean that it is also 70% mentally identical with Frederick? Does it make sense to say that something is mentally 70% Frederick?Shoemaker, S. and Swinburne, R. (1984) Personal Identity, Oxford: Blackwell. A possible solution to this dilemma is that of open individualism.

Dualism (philosophy of mind) - Argument from reason
Philosophers and scientists such as Victor Reppert, William Hasker and Alvin Plantinga have developed an argument for dualism dubbed the Argument from Reason and credit C.S. Lewis—who called it The Cardinal Difficulty of Naturalism, the title of chapter three of the book—with first bringing the argument to light in his book Miracles.Victor Reppert C.S. Lewis's Dangerous Idea. Downers Grove, Illinois: InterVarsity Press, ISBN

The argument postulates that if, as naturalism entails, all of our thoughts are the effect of a physical cause, then we have no reason for assuming that they are also the consequent of a reasonable ground. However, knowledge is apprehended by reasoning from ground to consequent. Therefore, if naturalism were true, there would be no way of knowing it (or anything else), except by a fluke.

Through this logic, the statement I have reason to believe naturalism is valid is inconsistent in the same manner as I never tell the truth. That is, to conclude its truth would eliminate the grounds from which to reach it. To summarize the argument in the book, Lewis quotes J. B. S. Haldane who appeals to a similar line of reasoning:

If my mental processes are determined wholly by the motions of atoms in my brain, I have no reason to suppose that my beliefs are true ... and hence I have no reason for supposing my brain to be composed of atoms.

In his essay Is Theology Poetry, Lewis himself summarises the argument in a similar fashion when he writes:

If minds are wholly dependent on brains, and brains on biochemistry, and biochemistry (in the long run) on the meaningless flux of the atoms, I cannot understand how the thought of those minds should have any more significance than the sound of the wind in the trees.

But Lewis later agreed with Elizabeth Anscombe's response to his Miracles argument. She showed that an argument could be valid, ground-consequent, even if its propositions were generated, via causality (physics)|physical cause and effect, by non-rational factors.The Socratic Digest, No. 4 (1948) Similar to Anscombe, Richard Carrier and John Beversluis have written extensive objections to the argument from reason on the untenability of its first postulate.

Dualism (philosophy of mind) - Causal interaction
Critics of dualism have often asked how something totally immaterial can affect something totally material— this is the basic problem of causal interaction.

Dualism (philosophy of mind) - Causal interaction
However, with Dualism, an explanation is required of how something without any physical properties has physical effects.

Dualism (philosophy of mind) - Argument from physics
The argument from physics is closely related to the argument from causal interaction

Dualism (philosophy of mind) - Argument from physics
Dualistic interactionism has therefore been argued against in that it violates a general heuristic principle of science: the causal closure of the physical world.

Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy and Catholic EncyclopediaMaher, Michael (1909) The Law of Conservation of Energy, Catholic Encyclopedia, vol

Another reply is akin to parallelism— Mills holds that behavioral events are causally overdetermination|overdetermined, and can be explained by either physical or mental causes alone. An overdetermined event is fully accounted for by multiple causes at once. However, J. J. C. Smart and Paul Churchland have pointed out that if physical phenomena fully determine behavioral events, then by Occam's razor an unphysical mind is unnecessary.

Another reply to this objection, given by Robinson, is that there is a possibility that the interaction may involve dark energy, dark matter or some other currently unknown scientific process. However, such processes would necessarily be physical, and in this case dualism is replaced with physicalism, or the interaction point is left for study at a later time when these physical processes are understood.

Another reply is that the interaction taking place in the human body may not be described by billiard ball classical mechanics

Thomas Breuer in 1994 had provenhttps://homepages.fhv.at/tb/cms/?download=tbDISS.pdf Thomas Breuer

Dualism (philosophy of mind) - Argument from brain damage
Property dualism and William Hasker|William Hasker's emergent dualism (which is largely similar to Vitalism) seek to avoid this problem

Similar examples abound; neuroscientist David Eagleman describes the case of another individual who exhibited escalating pedophile|pedophilic tendencies at two different times, and in each case was found to have tumors growing in a particular part of his brain.

Case studies aside, modern experiments have demonstrated that the relation between brain and mind is much more than simple correlation

Dualism (philosophy of mind) - Argument from biological development
Another common argument against dualism consists in the idea that since human beings (both phylogenesis|phylogenetically and ontogenesis|ontogenetically) begin their existence as entirely physical or material entities and since nothing outside of the domain of the physical is added later on in the course of development, then we must necessarily end up being fully developed material beings

Dualism (philosophy of mind) - Argument from neuroscience
In some contexts, the decisions that a person makes can be detected up to 10 seconds in advance by means of scanning their brain activity. Furthermore subjective experiences and covert attitudes can be detected, as can mental imagery. This is strong empirical evidence that cognitive processes have physical basis in the brain, although it does not completely dispel the possibility of mind-body distinction.

Dualism (philosophy of mind) - Argument from simplicity
The dualist is always faced with the question of why anyone should find it necessary to believe in the existence of two, ontologically distinct, entities (mind and brain), when it seems possible and would make for a simpler thesis to test against scientific evidence, to explain the same events and properties in terms of one

Dualism (philosophy of mind) - Argument from simplicity
Unrestricted Occam's Razor favors monism over dualism, and nominalism over platonism

University of Pennsylvania - Coordinated dual-degree and interdisciplinary programs
Penn offers specialized double degree|coordinated dual-degree (CDD) programs, which award candidates degrees from multiple schools at the University upon completion of graduation criteria of both schools. Undergraduate programs include:

* The Huntsman Program in International Studies and Business
University of Pennsylvania - Coordinated dual-degree and interdisciplinary programs * The Huntsman Program in International Studies and Business

A joint program of Penn’s School of Arts and Sciences and the School of Engineering and Applied Science, VIPER leads to dual Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Science in Engineering degrees by combining majors from each school.

For graduate programs, Penn offers many formalized joint-degree graduate degrees such as a joint J.D./MBA, and maintains a list of interdisciplinary institutions, such as the Institute for Medicine and Engineering, the Joseph H. Lauder Institute for Management and International Studies, and the Institute for Research in Cognitive Science.

Cyborg - Individual cyborgs
*Brooks, Richard. , The Sunday Times, 24 February 2008.

*Gordon, Bryony. , The Daily Telegraph, 12 January 2005.

*Alfredo M. Ronchi: Eculture: Cultural Content in the Digital Age. Springer (New York, 2009). p.319 ISBN

*, La Contra de La Vanguardia, 10 July 2010.

Generally, the term cyborg is used to refer to a human with bionics|bionic, or robotic, prosthesis|implants.

In current Prosthesis|prosthetic applications, the C-Leg system developed by Otto Bock HealthCare is used to replace a human leg that has been amputated because of injury or illness

In vision science, direct brain implants have been used to treat non-congenital (acquired) blindness. One of the first scientists to come up with a working brain interface to restore sight was private researcher William H. Dobelle|William Dobelle.

Dobelle's first prototype was implanted into Jerry, a man blinded in adulthood, in 1978

In 1997, Philip Kennedy, a scientist and physician designed the world's first human cyborg named Johnny Ray

In 2002, Canadian Jens Naumann, also blinded in adulthood, became the first in a series of 16 paying patients to receive Dobelle's second generation implant, marking one of the earliest commercial uses of BCIs

In 2002, under the heading Project Cyborg, a British scientist, Kevin Warwick, had an array of 100 electrodes fired into his nervous system in order to link his nervous system into the Internet

In 2004, under the heading Bridging the Island of the Colourblind Project, a British and completely color-blind artist, Neil Harbisson, started wearing an eyeborg on his head in order to hear colors.Alfredo M

The population of the islands according the 2010 data are:
Telecommunications in the Canary Islands - Population of the individual islands The population of the islands according the 2010 data are:

*Lanzarote - 141,437 (including the population of La Graciosa)
Telecommunications in the Canary Islands - Population of the individual islands *Lanzarote - 141,437 (including the population of La Graciosa)

New York Times - Dual-class shares
Dual-class structures caught on in the mid-20th century as families such as the Grahams of The Washington Post Company sought to gain access to public capital without losing control. Dow Jones Co., publisher of The Wall Street Journal, had a similar structure and was controlled by the Bancroft family but was later bought by News Corporation in 2007, which itself is controlled by Rupert Murdoch and Murdoch family|his family through a similar dual-class structure.

PlayStation - DualShock series and Sixaxis
The DualShock series consists of three controllers: the DualShock which was the fourth controller released for the PlayStation; the DualShock 2, the only standard controller released of the PlayStation 2, and the DualShock 3, the second and current controller released for the PlayStation 3. The Sixaxis was the first official controller for the PlayStation 3, and is based on the same design as the DualShock series (but lacking the vibration motors of the DualShock series of controllers).

PlayStation - DualShock series and Sixaxis
The PlayStation button replaces the Analog button of the DualShock and DualShock 2 controllers

DualShock - Original DualShock
(However, some third party DualShock-compatible controllers use batteries instead of the PlayStation's power supply.) The rumble feature of the DualShock is similar to the one featured on the first edition of the Japanese Dual Analog Controller, a feature that was removed shortly after that controller was released.

Other differences between Dual Analog and the DualShock include the longer grips/handles and slightly different L2/R2 buttons found on the Dual Analog.

Released in 1999, the PlayStation hit Ape Escape became the first game to explicitly require DualShock/Dual-Analog-type controllers, with its gameplay requiring the use of both analog sticks.

The DualShock is also compatible with the PlayStation 2, as they use the same connector and protocol. However, certain PS2 games that utilize the DualShock 2's analog buttons, such as The Bouncer, are not compatible with the DualShock. The DualShock is fully forwards compatible with the PlayStation 2 when that console is used to play PlayStation games.

DualShock - DualShock 2 The analog sticks are also noticeably stiffer than on the original DualShock.

DualShock - DualShock 2 Internally, the DualShock 2 was lighter and all of the buttons (except for the Analog mode, start, select, L3 and R3 buttons) were readable as analog values (pressure-sensitive).

DualShock - DualShock 2 The DualShock 2 has been made available in various colors: black, satin silver, ceramic white, slate grey, ocean blue, emerald green, crimson red, and candy pink.

DualShock - DualShock 2 The DualShock 2 is backwards compatible with the original PlayStation. It may also be used the PlayStation 3 by way of third party peripherals, which connect the controller to the console via the USB ports. However, the DualShock 2 will not work properly with games that require Sixaxis functionality, such as Heavy Rain.

Memory controller - Dual-channel memory
'Dual Channel' memory controllers are memory controllers where the DRAM devices are separated on to two different buses to allow two memory controllers to access them in parallel

PlayStation 2 accessories - DualShock 2
All the buttons other than L3, R3 and Analog feature analog pressure sensitivity; the connecting cable is slightly longer than the original DualShock and is black rather than grey; the connector is squarer; DualShock 2 is printed on the top of the controller and it features two more levels of vibration feedback.

Dual Analog Controller
The PlayStation 'Dual Analog Controller' (SCPH-1150 in Japan, SCPH-1180 in the United States and SCPH-1180e in Europe) was Sony's first attempt at a handheld analog controller for the PlayStation (console)|PlayStation, and the predecessor to the DualShock. Their first official analog controller was the PlayStation Analog Joystick (SCPH-1110).

Dual Analog Controller - History
The Dual Analog Controller was first displayed under glass at the PlayStation Expo which was held from November 1 to November 4, It was released in Japan in April 1997, coincident with the Japanese releases of analog-capable titles Tobal 2 and Bushido Blade (Video Game)|Bushido Blade. It was advertised as allowing for more precise and fluid control of the games' fighters, with the rumble feature contributing to a more realistic experience.

Before its release in the United States, Sony decided that vibration feedback would be removed from the European and American versions of the controller. According to a Sony spokesperson, We evaluated all the features and decided, for manufacturing reasons, that what was most important to gamers was the analog feature.

It was released in the United States on August 27, 1997; and in Europe in later 1997 with little promotion. A few months later, the first DualShock controller was released in Japan on November 20, 1997.

Namco had already released an analog controller for PlayStation called NeGcon. Sony's Dual Analog Controller's analog mode was not compatible with the NeGcon-compatible games such as Wipeout (Video Game)|Wipeout and Ridge Racer (Video Game)|Ridge Racer. However, Need for Speed II, Gran Turismo (Video Game)|Gran Turismo, and Gran Turismo 2 feature compatibility with both NeGcon and Dual Analog control schemes.

Fans of a smaller form factor, Japanese gamers complained that the very long hand grips made the controller too large to be held properly and the lack of a rumble feature in the U.S. and European models are the most commonly cited reasons that Sony decided to end production of this controller and redesign it. This redesign eventually became the DualShock.

The Dual Analog controller was discontinued in all three markets in 1998 to be replaced by the DualShock, although some gamers still regard it as the better controller, mostly due to its longer hand grips and ridged shoulder buttons. Furthermore, its rarity has made it highly sought after among collectors.

Dual Analog Controller - Features
The Dual Analog controller has three modes of operation: Digital, which disables the Analog sticks, Analog (as also found on DualShock|DualShock/DualShock 2 controllers) and a unique Analog Flightstick mode that is not available on the DualShock or DualShock 2.

If a PS1 game is DualShock or Dual Analog compatible, the player may press the Analog button located between the two analog sticks to activate the analog mode. This is indicated by a red LED. If the Dual Analog controller is switched to analog mode while using a game which is not analog-compatible, the game will not register any button presses or, in some cases, the PlayStation will consider the controller to be detached.

The ability to emulate Sony's own PlayStation Analog Joystick by pressing the Analog button a second time to reveal a green LED (this was commonly referred to as Flightstick Mode) provided a less expensive alternative to the FlightStick Analog Joystick and retailed for an average of US$35 compared to the Flightstick's retail price of US$70.

MechWarrior 2: 31st Century Combat|MechWarrior 2, Ace Combat 2, Descent II#Descent Maximum (PlayStation)|Descent Maximum, and Colony Wars were among the short list of twenty seven PlayStation Flightstick compatible games.

Dual Analog Controller - Differences from DualShock
The Dual Analog controller features several aspects that remain exclusive to it, and were scrapped or redesigned for the release of the DualShock controller.

Due to a lack of vibration-compatible games at the time, the European and American versions were not shipped with rumble feedback and, as a result, weigh significantly less than their overseas counterpart, and fall somewhere between the weights of the standard controller and the DualShock.

*The Japanese version was available in both grey and black, while the European and American versions were only available in grey.

*The hand grips are inch (1.5cm) longer than the original controller and the later DualShock controller. The body of the controller is also wider, spacing the pads slightly farther apart. This wider controller body has been retained on the DualShock and all later PlayStation controllers.

*The L2 and R2 buttons have ridges at the top edge to easily distinguish them from the L1 and R1 buttons and are spaced farther apart than the original controller or DualShock.

*The L2 and R2 buttons are also wider than the standard controller but shorter than the DualShock.

*The analog sticks are concave and lack the rubberised coating that has been used on the Dual Shock and later controllers.

*In addition to the standard digital mode and the regular red LED Analog mode, there is a third mode that emulates the layout of Sony's own PlayStation Analog Joystick, and is indicated by a green LED. This feature is missing on the DualShock.

*The Analog button, used for switching modes, is raised instead of recessed like the DualShock's button and can be more easily hit accidentally.

*The Analog mode cannot be changed or locked by software as it can with the DualShock controller and later.

*The Dual Analog's rumble circuit will not respond to PlayStation 2 software even if a rumble motor is installed.

Columbia Law School - Dual degree programs and alliances, abroad
Columbia has cultivated alliances and dual degree programs with overseas law schools, including the University of Oxford, King's College London School of Law|King's College London, University College London Law Faculty|University College London, and the London School of Economics in London, England; the Paris Institute of Political Studies|Institut d'études politiques de Paris (“Sciences Po”) and the université de Paris I|Université Panthéon-Sorbonne in Paris, France; the University of Amsterdam in the Netherlands; and the Institute for Law and Finance (ILF) at Goethe University Frankfurt in Frankfurt, Germany

Columbia Law School - Dual degree programs and alliances, abroad
Columbia University law school has one of the largest international alliances with China, and with Peking University, specifically, a joint exchange program that begin in 2006 when students could be exchanged for a semester, which was expanded as a program in 2011 to allow faculty to teach or co-teach courses abroad, and which was expanded as a program again in 2013 when Columbia Law School Dean David Schizer and Peking University Law School Dean Zhang Shouwen signed a memorandum of understanding between the universities, allowing for joint publications and joint seminars between faculty at the respective universities.

Replacing the Sixaxis as the standard PlayStation3 controller, the 'DualShock3' (SCPH-98050/CECHZC2, trademarked DUALSHOCK3) features the same functions and design (including Sixaxis motion sensing), but with vibration feedback capability.

Cosmetically, the DualShock3 is nearly identical to the Sixaxis, with the only differences being that DUALSHOCK3 is printed on the top (with the original SIXAXIS label moved down) and that the body is made of opaque plastic rather than the slightly translucent plastic used on the Sixaxis

On October 30, 2008, the DualShock3 became the standard controller packaged with PlayStation3 consoles, starting with the (non-PS2-backwards compatible) 80GB models.

DualShock 4 As of June 2008, over 28 million controllers have been sold in the DualShock line (excluding bundled controllers).

U.S. citizen - Dual citizenship
US State Department Services Dual Nationality

for less than ten years in their lives, or who are dual citizens by birth residing in their other country of citizenship at the time of giving up U.S

citizens who have dual citizenship do not lose their United States citizenship unless they renounce it officially.

Telecommuting - Individual Differences
For instance, those individuals high in Growth Need Strength will have a more positive reaction to increased autonomy and a more negative reaction to decreased feedback in telecommuting than those individuals low in Growth Need Strength.

Paulo Bento - Individual
*CNID Awards in football|CNID Breakthrough Coach: 2005–06 Primeira Liga|2005–06

Sega Saturn - Dual CPUs The Saturn had impressive hardware at the time of its release, but its design, with two CPUs and six other processors, made harnessing this power extremely difficult for developers accustomed to conventional programming

Sega Saturn - Dual CPUs The Saturn's dual-CPU architecture was the source of some difficulty for developers

Sega Saturn - Dual CPUs Many of the Saturn's developers, such as Lobotomy Software programmer Ezra Dreisbach, found it difficult to develop for compared to the PlayStation because of its more complex graphics hardware

Sega Saturn - Dual CPUs Other developers have contested that the Saturn's shortcomings in these respects are overstated at best. Superwarp|WARP leader Kenji Eno, when asked how WARP managed to produce the impressive 3D visuals of Enemy Zero (a game originally developed for the PlayStation) on the Saturn, replied, ...the PlayStation and the Saturn aren't that different, so moving it[Enemy Zero] to Saturn wasn't too difficult.

Sega Saturn - Dual CPUs Third-party development was initially hindered by the lack of useful Library (computing)|software libraries and Programming tool|development tools, requiring developers to write in assembly language to achieve good performance

Sega Saturn - Dual CPUs Saturn games also improved with time, as with nearly every other console system. One notable example is the Saturn port of Virtua Fighter 2. For instance, later programming techniques employed by Sega's AM2 saw an improvement in performance. Video exists of a canceled version of Shenmue - later released on the Sega Dreamcast - running on a stock Sega Saturn. The video was included in the Dreamcast title Shenmue II.

Samsung Galaxy Duos - Samsung Dual SIM Always on feature
In their marketing materials Samsung use the term Dual SIM Always on” to describe the Duos phones, although technically the term is misleading, since it does not mean quite what is says – both SIM cards are not always on. All phones with this feature are regular 'Dual SIM Stand-by (DSS) phones' with 1 transceiver (radio) – 2nd SIM is disconnected when a call is in progress on SIM 1 and vice versa.

The manual for such phones states: “Your device supports dual standby with two different networks. You cannot make or answer calls on both networks at the same time.”

These Android phones have a menu option “Dual SIM Always on” which when activated activates call forwarding on the carrier’s network. This can be done manually on any phone, regardless of manufacturer, e.g. enable call forwarding to SIM 1 when SIM 2 is disconnected. Call Forwarding must be provided by the carrier, often for a fee, subscriber will also be charged for call forwarding on a minute by minute basis, this depends on the subscription agreement.

I.MX - i.MX6 Dual/Quad families
* i.MX6 Dual = 1.2GHz ARM Cortex A9 dual cores platform + dual Full HD VPU (1080p decode) + 3D GPU (Vivante GC2000) + Vector Graphics GPU (Vivante GC335) + 2D GPU (Vivante GC320) + 2xIPU + security + 1MB L2 cache

* i.MX6 DualLite = 1.0GHz ARM Cortex A9 dual cores platform + dual Full HD VPU (1080p decode) + 3D GPU (Vivante GC880) + 2D GPU (Vivante GC320) + 2xIPU + security + 512KB L2 cache

* i.MX6 Quad = 1.2GHz ARM Cortex A9 quad cores platform + dual Full HD VPU (1080p decode) + 3D GPU (Vivante GC2000) + Vector Graphics GPU (Vivante GC335) + 2D GPU (Vivante GC320) + 2xIPU + security + 1MB L2 cache

Vivante GC2000 has four cores and 24 GFLOPS.

4FFF N Dual-boot The devices seem to contain a native dual-boot capability. When a device specific key combination is pressed during power-on any linux-kernel + ramdisk combination is booted from the sd-card.

United States Hockey League - Individual
*Most Point (ice hockey)|points in a season – '135' by Tim Ferguson of Sioux City Musketeers in 1985–86 season.

*Most Goal (ice hockey)|goals in a season – '67' by Rod Taylor of Sioux City Musketeers in 1985–86 season.

*Most Assist (ice hockey)|assists in a season – '79' by Tim Ferguson of Sioux City Musketeers in 1985–86 season.

*Most Penalty (ice hockey)|PIMs in a season – '316' by Chad Stauffacher of Green Bay Gamblers in 1996–97 season.

Profiling (information science) - Individual and group profiles
This kind of profiling is used to discover the particular characteristics of a certain individual, to enable unique identification or the provision of personalized services

Profiling (information science) - Individual and group profiles
However, in as far as the application of a group profile to a group implies the application of the group profile to individual members of the group, it makes sense to speak of indirect group profiling, especially if the group profile is non-distributive.

Hybrid drive - Dual-drive hybrid systems
Dual-drive hybrid systems are combining the usage of separate SSD and HDD devices installed in the same computer, with overall performance optimization managed by the computer user, or by the computer's operating system software. Examples of this type of system are bcache and dm-cache on Linux, and Apple’s Fusion Drive.

Hybrid drive - Dual-drive hybrid systems
A common implementation of the dual-drive system seen in the laptop computer category is through the use of flash cache modules (FCM)

Quiet PC - Individual components in a quiet PC
The following are notes regarding individual components in quiet PCs.

Quiet PC - Individual components in a quiet PC
The motherboard, CPU, and video card are major energy users in a computer. Components that need less power will be easier to cool quietly. A quiet power supply is selected to be efficient while providing enough power for the computer.

Samsung Galaxy Note II - Dual-cell HSPA phone
SGH-T889 is known to support dual-cell HSPA+ up to 42.2Mbit/s.

Individual An 'individual' is a person or a specific Object (philosophy)|object. 'Individuality' (or wikt:selfhood|selfhood) is the state or quality of being an individual; particularly of being a person separate from other persons and possessing his or her own needs or goals. The exact definition of an individual is important in the fields of biology, law, and philosophy.

Individual From the 15th century and earlier, and also today within the fields of statistics and metaphysics, individual meant divisible|indivisible, typically describing any numerically singular thing, but sometimes meaning a person. (q.v. The problem of proper names). From the 17th century on, individual indicates separateness, as in individualism.Abbs 1986, cited in Klein 2005, pp.26-27

Individual - In law An individual de facto lawfully defined usually refers to a natural person, as opposed to a Legal personality|legal person (which could be a corporation). It can also possibly be a person or a specific object if otherwise defined.

Individual - Empiricism
This ties into the idea of the liberty and rights of the individual, society as a social contract between Rationality|rational individuals, and the beginnings of individualism as a doctrine.

Individual - Hegel The individual comes to rise above his or her own particular viewpoint, and grasps that he or she is a part of a greater whole insofar as he or she is bound to family, a social context, and/or a political order.

Individual - Existentialism
In both Sartre and Nietzsche (and in Nikolai Berdyaev), the individual is called upon to create his or her own values

Individual - Buddhism Instead of an atomic, indivisible self distinct from reality (see Subject-object problem), the individual in Buddhism is understood as an interrelated part of an ever-changing, impermanent universe (see interdependence, Nondualism, reciprocity (social psychology)|reciprocity).

Individual - Objectivism
Individual rights are not subject to a public vote; a Tyranny of the majority|majority has no right to vote away the rights of a minority group|minority; the political function of rights is precisely to protect minorities from oppression by majorities (and the smallest minority on earth is the individual).

Individual - Biology In biology, the question of what is an individual is related to the question of what is an organism, which is an important question in biology and philosophy of biology, but there has been little explicit work devoted to the biological notion of an individual. An individual organism is not the only kind of individual that is considered as a unit of selection. Genes, genomes, or groups may function as individual units.

Individual - Biology Asexual reproduction occurs in some colonial organisms, so that the individuals are genetically identical. Such a colony is called a genet (biology)|genet, and an individual in such a population is referred to as a ramet. The colony, rather than the individual functions as a unit of selection. In other colonial organisms, the individuals may be closely related to one another, but differ as a result of sexual reproduction.

File manager - Dual-pane managers
Sometimes they are called dual-pane managers, a term that is typically used for programs such as the Windows File Explorer (see below). But they have three panes including a command line pane below (or hidden behind) two symmetric panes. Furthermore, most of these programs allow using just one of the two larger panes with the second hidden.

Entrepreneur - The individuals-opportunities nexus
According to Shane and Venkataraman, entrepreneurship comprises two phenomena enterprising individuals and entrepreneurial opportunities, and researchers should study the nature of the individuals who respond to these opportunities when others do not, the opportunities themselves and the nexus between individuals and opportunities.

Illusion of control - Benefits and costs to the individual
His argument is essentially concerned with the adaptive effect of optimistic beliefs about control and performance in circumstances where control is possible, rather than perceived control in circumstances where outcomes do not depend on an individual's behavior.

In activities where the margins of error are narrow and missteps can produce costly or injurious consequences, personal well-being is best served by highly accurate efficacy appraisal.Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York: W.H. Freeman and Company.

Taylor and Brown argue that positive illusions are Adaptive behavior|adaptive, since there is evidence that they are more common in normally mentally healthy individuals than in depressed individuals

(2007) has proposed that the pessimistic bias of depressives resulted in depressive realism when asked about estimation of control, because depressed individuals are more likely to say no even if they have control.

A number of studies have found a link between a sense of control and health, especially in older people.

Fenton-O'Creevy et al. argue, as do Gollwittzer and Kinney, that while illusory beliefs about control may promote goal striving, they are not conducive to sound decision-making. Illusions of control may cause insensitivity to feedback, impede learning and predispose toward greater objective risk taking (since subjective risk will be reduced by illusion of control).

Fuzzy-trace theory - Developmental variability in dual processes
The principle of developmental variability in dual processes posits that verbatim and gist processes show variability across the Developmental psychology#Stages of development|lifespan

Fuzzy-trace theory - Developmental variability in dual processes
Regarding old age, several studies suggest that verbatim memory declines between early and late adulthood, while gist memory remains fairly stable. Experiments indicate that older adults perform worse on tasks that require retrieval of surface features from studied items relative to younger adults. In addition, results with measurement models that quantify verbatim and gist processes indicate that older adults are less able to use verbatim traces during recall than younger adults.

Confirmation bias - Individual differences
Until recently, myside bias was once believed to be associated with greater intelligence; however, studies have shown that myside bias can be more influenced by ability to rationally think as opposed to amount of intelligence

Studies have suggested that individual differences such as deductive reasoning ability, ability to overcome belief bias, epistemological understanding, and thinking disposition are a significant predictors of the reasoning and generating arguments, counterarguments, and rebuttals.

The study investigated individual differences of argumentation schema and asked participants to write essays

Overall, the results revealed that balance research instruction significantly increased the use of participants adding opposing information to their argument

Free and open source software - Dualism of FOSS
The primary difference between free software and open source is one of philosophy. According to the Free Software Foundation, Nearly all open source software is free software. The two terms describe almost the same category of software, but they stand for views based on fundamentally different values.

Choice-supportive bias - Cases when individual is not in control
There are cases where an individual is not always in control of which options are received

*'Assigned Options': Making a choice or having a choice made for you by other people in your best interest can prompt memory attributions that support that choice. Current experiments show no choice-supportive memory bias for assigned options. However, choices which are made on a person’s behalf in their best interest do show a tendency for choice-supportive memory bias.

*'Random Selection': People do not show choice-supportive biases when choices are made randomly for them. This is because choice-supportive memory bias tends to arise during the act of making the decision.

Indian Institute of Technology Delhi - Undergraduate-cum-postgraduate dual programs
The dual degree B.Tech-cum-M.Tech program is offered in following areas:

* Computer Science and Engineering, and
Indian Institute of Technology Delhi - Undergraduate-cum-postgraduate dual programs * Computer Science and Engineering, and

* Mathematics and Computing (Integrated M.Tech.)
Indian Institute of Technology Delhi - Undergraduate-cum-postgraduate dual programs * Mathematics and Computing (Integrated M.Tech.)

Indian Institute of Technology Delhi - Undergraduate-cum-postgraduate dual programs
The admission to these programs is done through Indian Institute of Technology Joint Entrance Examination|Joint Entrance Examination (JEE) which is organized by all the seven Indian Institutes of Technology jointly. Lakhs of students take this exam every year with only few thousands of them actually crossing the bridge.

Altruism - Individual variations
A certain individual may behave altruistically in one case and egoistically in another situation. However, some individuals tend to behave more altruistically, while others tend to behave more egoistically. Altruism may be considered a general attitude to the point where altruism has been considered as a Phenotypic trait|trait.

Altruism - Individual variations
Also based on the twin design, the new study estimated that genetic differences accounted for approximately 20% of individual variations.The study generally refers to the trait studied as giving

Brainstorming - Individual brainstorming
Personality and Individual Differences, 19,

Brainstorming - Individual brainstorming
Research has shown individual brainstorming to be more effective in idea-generation than group brainstorming.

Leadership development - Developing Individual Leaders
Traditionally, leadership development has focused on developing the leadership abilities and attitudes of individuals.

Just as people are not all born with the ability or desire to play football (soccer) like Zinedine Zidane or sing like Luciano Pavarotti, people are not all born with the ability to lead

Classroom-style training and associated reading is effective in helping leaders to know more about what is involved in leading well

The success of leadership development efforts has been linked to three variables:See Baldwin, T. Ford, K. (1988), Transfer Of Training: A Review And Directions For Future Research', Personnel Psychology, Spring, Vol. 41 Issue 1, p63-105

* The quality and nature of the leadership development program

* Genuine support for behavioral change from the leader's supervisor

Military officer training academies, such as the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst, go to great lengths to only accept candidates who show the highest potential to lead well.Organizational Behavior, 4th ed, by Stephen Robbins, Bruce Millet Terry Waters-Marsh, published by Prentice Hall Personal characteristics that are associated with successful leadership development include leader motivation to learn, a high achievement drive and personality traits such as openness to experience, an internal focus of control, and self-monitoring.

Development is also more likely to occur when the design of the development program:

* Integrates a range of developmental experiences over a set period of time (e.g. 6–12 months). These experiences may include 360 degree feedback, experiential classroom style programs, business school style coursework, executive coaching, reflective journaling, mentoring and more.

* Involves goal setting, following an assessment of key developmental needs and then evaluate the achievement of goals after a given time period.

* 'Experiential learning': positioning the individual in the focus of the learning process, going through the four stages of experiential learning as formulated by David A. Kolb: 1. concrete experience 2. observation and reflection 3. forming abstract concept 4. testing in new situations.

* 'Self efficacy': The right training and coaching should bring about 'Self efficacy' in the trainee, as Albert Bandura formulated: A person's belief about his capabilities to produce effects

* 'Visioning': Developing the ability to formulate a clear image of the aspired future of an organization unit.

A good personal leadership development program should enable you to develop a plan that helps you gain essential leadership skills required for roles across a wide spectrum from a youth environment to the corporate world.

Group dynamics - Group influence on individual behavior
However, the influence of groups on the individual can also generate extremely negative behaviors, evident in Nazi Germany, the My Lai Massacre, and in the Abu Ghraib prison (also see Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse).

Cross-cultural differences in decision making - The individual tolerance for cognitive ambiguity
Widely shared cultural knowledge provides individuals with a validated framework to interpret otherwise ambiguous experience, thus providing its followers with a sense of epistemology|epistemic security and providing protection from the uncertainty and unpredictability. The individuals of all cultures vary in the degree they have a need for firm answers. The individuals with high tolerance for ambiguity are found to be less likely to act with the accordance of their culture.

Dual polarisation interferometry
'Dual polarization interferometry' ('DPI') is an analytical technique that can probe molecular scale layers adsorbed to the surface of a Waveguide (optics)|waveguide by using the evanescent wave of a laser beam confined to the waveguide. It is typically used to measure the conformational change in proteins, or other biomolecules, as they function (referred to as the conformation activity relationship).

focuses laser light into two waveguides

The technique is quantitative and real-time (10Hz) with a dimensional resolution of 0.01nm.

A novel application for Dual Polarization Interferometry emerged in 2008, where the intensity of light passing through the waveguide is extinguished in the presence of crystal growth. This has allowed the very earliest stages in protein crystal nucleation to be monitored.

Later versions of Dual Polarization Interferometers also have the capability to quantify the order and disruption in birefringent thin films.

This has been used, for example, to study the formation of lipid bilayers and their interaction with membrane proteins.

In December 2011, the interferometer system was announced as a discontinued product line although existing users were to be supported until December A web based [ discussion page] was opened in April 2012 for existing and potential users to network and provide information.

Accelerando - Individual short stories
The original short story Lobsters (June 2001) was shortlisted for:

The original short story Halo (June 2002) was shortlisted for:

The original short story Router (September 2002) was shortlisted for:

Female sexual arousal disorder - Individual factors
An individual's sexual activity is disrupted by overwhelming emotional distress resulting in inability to attain sexual pleasure

Nuclear proliferation - Dual use technology
Many technologies and materials associated with the creation of a nuclear power program have a dual-use capability, in that they can be used to make nuclear weapons if a country chooses to do so

Many UN and US agencies warn that building more nuclear reactors unavoidably increases nuclear proliferation risks. A fundamental goal for American and global security is to minimize the proliferation risks associated with the

expansion of nuclear power. If this development is poorly managed or efforts to contain risks are unsuccessful, the nuclear future will be dangerous. For nuclear power programs to be developed and managed safely and securely, it is important that countries have domestic “good governance” characteristics that will encourage proper nuclear operations and management:

These characteristics include low degrees of corruption (to avoid officials selling materials and technology for their own personal gain as occurred with the A.Q

Binary cycle power plant - Dual Pressure
This process is designed to reduce the thermodynamic losses incurred in the brine heat exchangers of the basic cycle. The losses occur through the process of transferring heat across a large temperature difference between the high temperature brine and the lower temperature of the working fluid. Losses are reduced by maintaining a closer match between the brine cooling curve and the working fluid heating curve.

Binary cycle power plant - Dual Fluid
“Power is extracted from a stream of hot fluid, such as geothermal water, by passing the stream in heat exchange relationship with a working fluid to vaporize the latter, expanding the vapor through a turbine, and condensing the vapor in a conventional Rankine cycle

Protein folding - Dual polarisation interferometry
Dual polarisation interferometry is a surface based technique for measuring the optical properties of molecular layers

Nanoimprint lithography - Removal of residual layers
It has been proposed to combine photolithography and nanoimprint lithography techniques in one step in order to eliminate the residual layer.

HD DVD - Dual-compatibility drives
In 2007, LG Corp|LG and Samsung released standalone consumer players that could read both HD DVD and Blu-ray Discs. The machines were sold at premium prices, but failed to sell in large quantities. In May 2008, both companies announced they would stop manufacturing dual-compatibility drives.

HD DVD - Dual-compatibility drives
A few computer manufacturers (such as HP and Acer Inc.|Acer) sold computers with combination HD DVD/Blu-ray Disc drives. LG marketed a Blu-ray writer that also read HD DVD discs (but could not write to them).LG GGW-H20L Owner's manualhttp://

DVD-RW - Dual layer A specification for dual-layer DVD-RW discs with a capacity of 8.5 GB (8,500,000 bytes) was approved by the DVD Forum.DVD Specifications for Re-recordable Disc for Dual Layer (DVD-RW for DL) Physical Specifications, Version 2.0 However, manufacturing support for rewritable dual-layer discs did not materialize due to costs and expected competition from newer and higher-capacity formats like Blu-ray and HD DVD.

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